17 cm 6 mm

Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii Habitat: Rocky reef/kelp forests. Partial migration offshore during winter? Carnivorous predator and scavenger. Radula at end of feeding proboscis used to drill through animal shells (e.g., snails, bivalves, etc.) and excavate concealed prey (e.g., tube worms).

Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii Preyed upon by… Sea otters Octopus Lobster? Elasmobranchs (bat ray, sharks)?? Their shell is remarkably thick!

Monterey, CA

Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii Spring/summer breeding season. Mating & internal fertilization. Females lay 100+ egg capsules/year. Capsule = eggs. Larvae (veliger) hatch out of capsules after 30 days. Lecithotropic veliger in plankton for ~50 days. Mean Dd ~ 100 km (Siegel et al. 2003; U = 0; σ u = 10cm/sec) Settlement cue not known. Reproductively mature after ~6 years.

Juveniles: Found in highly varying densities and across a wide range of depth gradients within the nearshore system.

Economic value: Excellent for lawn art (match gnomes beautifully!)

Economic value: Focus of developing fishery (by-catch in lobster traps) Sold to US domestic Asian market (mostly in LA) Mean price = $1.43/kg = ~$0.15/whelk Aseltine-Neilson et al. 2006

RANGE Expansion since ~1980 Bahia Asuncion

Catalina Island (southern) Northern Channel Islands Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.

POPULATION GENETICS STUDY COI: Cytochrome Oxidase I gene in mtDNA mtDNA: circular, ~16K basepairs long COI sequence: 528 basepairs long One sequence per individual adult N = 15 – 35 samples/site N = 16 sites, spanning entire range COI

COI sampling sites Expansion since ~1980 Bahia Asuncion

Range expansion Bahia Asuncion Diversity SiteHapNuc MA WC DC HR RR GI YB NR IV SV PV DP PL SQ TT BA

Regionwide genetic structure statistics Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA): Fst = (P = 0.001) Pairwise differences between sites: Fst range: 0.02 – 0.05 (P < 0.05) Bonferroni: (120 pairs)(0.05) = 6 expected by chance. 19 found. Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA): Fst = 0.02 – 0.03 (P = 0.002)

Non- equilibrium stirred Stepping stone Genetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expect No correlation No correlation? Positive correlation Equilibrium

P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 16 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.16 (two-sided; R2 = 0.5; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 13 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.23 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 10 sites; Mantel test)

Doh!

(Hutchinson & Templeton 1999) Expanded range Expansion, followed by isolation Regional equilibrium Regional non-equilibrium Expanded range Regional equilibrium At large scales, drift > Relative dominance of gene flow vs. genetic drift varies with scale

Non- equilibrium stirred Stepping stone Genetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expect IBD signal only present at small scales Equilibrium Periodic regional disturbance due to el Nino

Sill in IBD curve reached at ~125 km

Fst = *Ln(distance) – R2 = 0.07

P = 0. (two-sided; R2 = ; n = sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.04 (two-sided; R2 = 23; n = 6 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.77; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)

Slope = ~0.01 – ~0.5 Fst/1000 km

Palumbi 2003

12 km siteaggregate Kij dispersal connectivityPairwise Fst

P = 0.13

P = 0.11

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)

June 2000 SST (Ocean Data Center, UCSC) TT BA

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA Fst = (P = 0.001)

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA Fst = (P = 0.001)

Don’t forget: Giacomo’s surf perch

Catalina Island (southern) Northern Channel Islands Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.

Thanks!

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = 0.03 P = 0.002

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = P = 0.002

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = P = 0.002

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = P = 0.002

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = P = 0.002

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA

1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA

1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

P = 0.45 (two-sided; R2 = 0.027; n = 12 sites; Mantel test)

P = (two-sided; R2 = 0.136; n = 9 sites; Mantel test)

Slope = ~0.01 – ~0.5 Fst/1000 km