Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Chapter 9 FIXED INCOME SECURITIES: VALUATION AND RISKS Why are bonds viable investment alternatives? What are the risks faced by bond investors? How bonds are priced? What are the basic bond pricing theorems? How can interest rate risk be measured? How can credit risk be evaluated? How are bond risk and required return related?
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Why bonds? Income Potential for capital gains Paper versus real losses Diversification Tax advantages
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.1 – Yield on Long-Term Treasury Bonds vs. the Dividend Yield from the S&P500
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Risks associated with investing in bonds Credit risk Interest rate risk Reinvestment risk Purchasing power risk Call risk Liquidity risk Foreign exchange risk
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Bond valuation Basics of bond pricing –Identifying the bond’s cash flows –Bond price is present value of its cash flows –Semiannual coupons –Accrued interest
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Bond valuation – Cont. Yield-to-maturity Relationship between coupon rate and yield to maturity Current yield Yield to call Actual return versus yield to maturity
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure Reinvestment Rate and the Actual Rate of Return for a Bond
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Five bond pricing theorems Bond prices move inversely to changes in interest rates Bonds with longer maturities are more price sensitive Price sensitivity increases at a decreasing rate Bonds with lower coupon rates are more price sensitive A price increase caused by a decrease in interest rates is larger than a price decrease caused by an increase in interest rates of the same magnitude
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.3 – Bond Price vs. Yield to Maturity
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.4 – Price Sensitivity and Maturity
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.5 – Price Sensitivity and Coupon Rate
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.6 – Price Changes for Increase and Decrease in Yield
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Assessing interest rate risk What is duration? Finding a bond’s duration Duration and price sensitivity Duration and price changes
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.7 – Relationship Between Duration and Maturity
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.8 – Relationship Between Duration and Coupon Rate
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.9 – Relationship Between Duration and Yield to Maturity
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Credit risk Bond ratings –Description of bond ratings –Determinants of bond ratings –Bond ratings and default rates –Graham & Dodd on credit risk and bond selection
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Risk and required return for bonds General relationship (equation 9.8) r = f (i, ∆ p, ir, rr, dr, cr, lr, fxr) Bond yields and maturity Bond yields and credit risk
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.10 – Yield Spread Between T-Bonds and T-Bills
Contemporary Investments: Chapter 9 Figure 9.11 – Quality Yield Spreads in the U.S. Capital Markets