Urban Water Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Dresden, Global water aspects 2Introduction to urban water management 3Basics for systems description 4Water transport 5Matter transport 6Introduction to water supply 7Water extraction 8Water purification 9Water distribution 10Introduction to wastewater disposal 11Urban drainage 12Wastewater treatment 13Sludge treatment

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 2 5 Introduction to water supply 5.1 Goals of water supply 5.2 Overview over water supply system 5.3 Water need Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Urban Water

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 3 5 Introduction to water supply 5.1 Goals of water supply 5.2 Overview over water supply system 5.3 Water need Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Urban Water

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 4  „Sufficient Drinking Water of good Quality at any Time “  Political decision making sufficient how much, how long during dry periods ? good quality hygiene, to be drunk, for toilet flushing, how long ? any time extreme drought, contaminated water spring Task of water supply

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 5  Implementation via guidelines, threshold values DIN 2000 „Drinking water should be appetizing and tempting, colourless, clear, cold, odourless, and perfectly fresh with regard to taste.“ Drinking water quality

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 6 Att./No. ParameterUnitLimit value 1/1Escherichia coli(100 ml) /2Enterokokken(100 ml) /3Coliforme Bacteria(100 ml) /I/1Acrylamidmg/l0,0001 2/I/2Benzolemg/l0,001 2/I/3Boronmg/l1 2/I/4Bromatemg/l0,01 *) ( ) 2/I/5Chromemg/l0,05 2/I/6Cyanidemg/l0,05 2/I/71,2-Dichlorethanemg/l0,003 2/I/8Fluoridemg/l1,5 2/I/9Nitratemg/l50 2/I/10Biozids individualmg/l0,0001 2/I/11Biozids in totalmg/l0,0005 Limits (i), EU

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 7 Att./No. ParameterUnitLimit value 2/I/12Mercurymg/l0,001 2/I/13Selenmg/l0,01 2/I/14Tetra-chlore-ethen und Tri-chlore-ethenmg/l0,01 2/II/1Antimonmg/l0,005 2/II/2Arsenicmg/l0,01 2/II/3Benzo-(a)-pyrenmg/l0, /II/4Leadmg/l0,01 *) ( ) 2/II/5Cadmiummg/l0,005 2/II/6Epichlorehydrinemg/l0,0001 2/II/7Coppermg/l2 2/II/8Nickelmg/l0,02 2/II/9Nitritemg/l0,5 2/II/10Polycyclic aromatic carbon hydroxidsmg/l0,0001 2/II/11Trihalogenmethanemg/l0,05 2/II/12Vinyl chloridemg/l0,0005 Limits (ii), EU

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 8 Anl./Nr. ParameterUnitLimit value 3/1Aluminiummg/l0,2 3/2Unionised Ammoniamg/l0,5 3/3Chloridemg/l250 3/4Clostridium perfringens(100 ml) /5Ferricmg/l0,2 3/6 Colour (spectral Absorption coefficient Hg 436 nm) m -1 0,5 3/7Odour limit value1 2 at 12 °C, 3 at 25 °C 3/8Taste1Acceptable for consumer 3/9 Colony number at 22 °C 1Without anomal change 3/10 Colony number at 36 °C 1Without anomal change 3/11Conductivity S/cm 2500 at 20 °C 3/12Manganesemg/l0,05 3/13Sodiummg/l200 Limits (iii), EU

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 9 Att./No. ParameterUnitLimit value 3/14Total organic carbon (TOC)Without anomal change 3/15CODmg/l O 2 5 3/16Sulfatemg/l240 3/17Turbidity(NTU)1,0 3/18aHydrogenpH  6,5 und  9,5 3/18bCalcit solution capacitymg/l CaCO 3 At purification station: 5 combined water: 10 3/19TritiumBq/l100 Limits (iv), EU

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 10 5 Introduction to water supply 5.1 Goals of water supply 5.2 Overview over water supply system 5.3 Water need Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Urban Water

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 11 Ground water Storage Industry Settlemen t Lake, dam Water protection Tight construction Protection zone Pressure Saftey barriers Spring intake Protection zone Purification Water distribution Structure of a water supply system

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 12 Regional water supply systems in Germany

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 13 Regional water supply system in USA

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page Consumption per year in 10 6 m³ Ground- and spring waterRiver bank filtrateSurface water SaxonyBavariaNRW (Umweltbundesamt (2001), pp. 52ff.) Consumption and origin of drinking water in Germany

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 15 5 Introduction to water supply 5.1 Goals of water supply 5.2 Overview over water supply system 5.3 Water need Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Urban Water

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 16 Variations in consumption Climate variations (Dry / wet years) Variations in Economy Changes in consumption Trends in population development Technical development Comfort and Hygiene Consumption pattern Living standard Law, guidelines … Effects on water need

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 17 Q d average daily consumption over a year Q h average hours consumption at average day Q d,max maximum daily consumption of a year Q h,max maximum hours consumption at maximums day f d Peak days factor f h Peak hours factor Parameters to characterise consumption (i)

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 18 ParameterDecisive for Maximum daily water need Q d,max = f d ∙ Q d Purification, reservoir Average hourly need at average day Q h = Q d / 24 Maximum hours need at maximum day Q h,max = f h ∙ Q d / 24 Distribution system Parameters to characterise consumption (ii)

Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply© PK, 2010 – page 19 28% 34% 12% 6% 4% 2% 28% WC 34% bathing/shower 12% washing cloths 6% personal hygiene 6% wash dishes 6% cleaning 4% watering 2% cooking/drinking 2% cleaning cars Drinking water consumption of private households