전자 회로 1 Lecture 9 (BJT) 임한조 아주대학교 전자공학부

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Presentation transcript:

2009. 05. 임한조 아주대학교 전자공학부 hanjolim@ajou.ac.kr 전자 회로 1 Lecture 9 (BJT) 2009. 05. 임한조 아주대학교 전자공학부 hanjolim@ajou.ac.kr 이 강의 노트는 전자공학부 곽노준 교수께서 08.03에 작성한 것으로 노트제공에 감사드림.

Overview Reading: Outline Sedra & Smith Chapter 5.1~5.2 Bipolar-Junction Transistor (BJT) 3 nodes (Emitter/Base/Collector) BJT type (npn, pnp) BJT mode of operation Active (forward/reverse), Saturation, Cutoff Common Base Gain (α), Common Emitter Gain (β) 전류 – 전압 특성 May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) NPN type 3개의 terminals (nodes) : Base / Emitter / Collector 일반적인 해석: voltage controlled current source (VBE 로 IC를 제어) 2 junctions: EBJ / CBJ capacitance 성분 – high freq. modeling에서 중요하게 다루어짐 Diode (2 node device)보다 훨씬 유용 Signal amplification (analog circuit) Digital logic & memory circuits (digital circuits) 요즘에는 MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) transistor로 대체되는 추세 그러나 여전히 중요 (응답이 빠르기 때문 – 많은 전류를 흘릴 수 있음) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Doping, Types & Symbols E(n+) B(p) C(n-) Emitter가 Collector/Base 보다 훨씬 많이 도핑됨 Base 영역의 길이가 상당이 짧음 Type: NPN / PNP NPN type: 주된 전류는 electron을 통해 흐름 PNP type: 주된 전류는 hole을 통해 흐름 npn type E(n+) B(p) C(n-) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

4 Modes of Operation Mode EBJ CBJ Cutoff Reverse (Forward) Active Reverse Active Saturation May 2008 Nojun Kwak

(Forward) Active mode 에서의 동작 Notation: VXY = VX - VY VBE ≃ 0.7V (forward bias), VCB > -0.3V (reverse bias) 동작 EBJ가 forward bias이므로 emitter에서 base로 electron을 제공 (약간의 hole이 base에서 emitter쪽으로 흐름, why??) Base 영역이 짧으므로 E에서 제공된 electron들은 대부분 B에서 재결합하지 못하고 CBJ depletion영역에 도달 (CBJ 넓이 >> EBJ 넓이) 이렇게 CBJ depletion 영역에 도달한 electron들은 모두 C로 빨려들어감 (drift, reverse bias이므로) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Diffusion current (EBJ) EBJ (forward bias) 에서의 전류 ND (Emitter) > NA (Base) 이므로 전류는 주로 electron에 의해 흐름 Diffusion current >> Drift current (forward bias이므로)  Electron의 Diffusion만을 생각해 보자. (Exponential을 직선으로 approximation) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Collector Current - B C + B에 inject된 minority carrier (electron)들은 B가 매우 짧으므로 대부분 재결합 못하고 EBJ에 도달 (Diffusion에 의해) Depletion 영역 안에서 자생적으로 생겨나는 electron/hole pair의 개수는 B에서 inject되는 electron 수에 비해 무시할 만한 수준 Saturation (Scaling) current: - B C + E-field 전자이동방향 p n 온도에 매우 민감 (VCB와 상관없이) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Base Current Base current를 이루는 두 성분 Total Base Current EBJ가 Forward Bias이므로 B에서 E로 hole들이 inject (ND << NA므로 E에서 B로 inject되는 electron수보다는 무시할 수준이지만 iB가 작으므로 이를 고려) B가 짧아 E에서 inject된 대부분의 electron이 C에 도달하지만 일부는 majority carrier (hole)과 재결합 (E에서 B로 inject되는 electron수가 많으므로 이를 고려) Total Base Current May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Beta (Common Emitter Current Gain) Base 전류 (input)와 Collector 전류(output)의 비율 Beta는 트랜지스터의 고유한 값 Typical value: 약 50~200 (보다 커질 수 있다.) 클수록 좋음 Common Emitter Current Gain 이라 부르기도 함. (Why?) W (B의 길이)가 작을수록 ND(Emitter)/NA(Base)가 클수록 커짐 May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Emitter Current & Alpha Emitter 전류는 iB와 iC의 합 α: Common Base Current Gain (Why?) 보통 0.99정도 (1보다 작은 값, 크면 클수록 좋음) What if α=1? May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Equivalent model for Forward Active Mode Large signal model (bias를 잡기 위함) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Reverse Active Mode E와 C의 역학이 바뀜 (EBJ: reverse / CBJ: forward) Collector에서 제공된 minority carrier인 전자가 Base에서 일부 재결합, 일부는 그대로 Base-metal contact을 통해 빠져나가고 Emitter에는 50%이하가 도달함.  αR < 0.5, βR < 1 (EBJ영역의 넓이가 매우 작으므로) αRIsc = αFISE = IS electron flow May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Saturation Mode EBJ / CBJ 양쪽이 모두 forward bias Electron 방향: EBJ (E  B) + CBJ (C  B) = small May 2008 Nojun Kwak

The PNP Transistor 주로 hole에 의해 전류가 흐름 Forward active: VEB > 0, VBC > 0 May 2008 Nojun Kwak

The Ebers-Moll (EM) Model May 2008 Nojun Kwak

전류-전압 특성 (forward active mode) B E 1 α 1-α β+1 β 0.7V 0.7V β = 100, α = 0.99 ≃ 1 May 2008 Nojun Kwak

iC – vCB 특성곡선 (common-base) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

iC – vCE 특성곡선 (Common Emitter) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

The Early Effect 1 ro reverse bias (CBJ) 증가  depletion 영역 증가  effective Base width 감소  전류 증가 Early voltage ~ 100V May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Output resistance seen at Collector ’ May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Common Emitter Current Gain (β) Breakdown (large reverse voltage) May 2008 Nojun Kwak

Saturation Mode 특성 (Switch에 주로 사용) * 자세한 내용은 Section 5.2.4를 참조 May 2008 Nojun Kwak

More on Saturation mode Overdrive factor: May 2008 Nojun Kwak

BJT Summary 전류 방향 Ebers-Moll model Large signal equivalent circuit May 2008 Nojun Kwak