Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Multinational vs. domestic financial management Exchange rates and trading in foreign exchange International monetary system International money and capital markets CHAPTER 19 Multinational Financial Management
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. What is a multinational corporation? A corporation that operates in two or more countries.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. 1. To seek new markets. 2. To seek raw materials. 3. To seek new technology. 4. To seek production efficiency. 5. To avoid political and regulatory hurdles. 6.To diversify. Why do firms expand into other countries?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. 1. Different currency denominations. 2. Economic and legal ramifications. 3. Language differences. 4. Cultural differences. 5. Role of governments. 6. Political risk. What are the six major factors that distinguish multinational from domestic financial management?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. U.S. $ to buy 1 Unit Japanese yen Australian dollar Are these currency prices direct or indirect quotations? Since they are prices of foreign currencies expressed in dollars, they are direct quotations. Consider the following exchange rates:
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. The number of units of foreign currency needed to purchase one U. S. dollar, or the reciprocal of a direct quotation. What is an indirect quotation?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Calculate the indirect quotations for yen and Australian dollars. # of Units of Foreign Currency per U.S. $ Japanese yen Australian dollar Yen: 1/0.009 = A. Dollar: 1/0.650 =
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. The exchange rate between any two currencies. Cross rates are actually calculated on the basis of various currencies relative to the U. S. dollar. What is a cross rate?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Cross rate= x = x = yen/A. dollar. Cross rate= x = x = A. dollars/yen. Calculate the two cross rates between yen and Australian dollars. Yen U.S. Dollars U.S. Dollar A. Dollar A. Dollars U.S. Dollars U.S. Dollar Yen
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. The two cross rates are reciprocals of one another. They can be calculated by dividing either the direct or indirect quotations. Note:
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Price = (1.75)(1.50)(111.11) = yen. The firm can produce a liter of orange juice and ship it to Japan for $1.75. If the firm wants a 50% markup on the product, what should the juice sell for in Japan?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. 250 yen= 250(0.0138) = 3.45 A. dollars. 6 – 3.45= 2.55 Australian dollar profit A. dollars = 1 U. S. dollar. Dollar profit = 2.55/ = $1.66. Now the firm begins producing the orange juice in Japan. The product costs 250 yen to produce and ship to Australia, where it can be sold for 6 Australian dollars. What is the dollar profit on the sale?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. The risk that the value of a cash flow in one currency translated to another currency will decline due to a change in exchange rates. For example, in the last slide, a weakening Australian dollar (strengthening dollar) would lower the dollar profit. What is exchange rate risk?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. The current system is a floating rate system. Prior to 1971, a fixed exchange rate system was in effect. The U.S. dollar was tied to gold. Other currencies were tied to the dollar. Describe the current and former international monetary systems.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. The European Monetary Union In 2002, the full implementation of the “euro” is expected to be complete. The national currencies of the 11 participating countries will be phased out in favor of the “euro.” The newly formed European Central Bank will control the monetary policy of the EMU.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. The 11 Member Nations of the European Monetary Union Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain European Union countries not in the EMU: Britain Sweden Denmark Greece
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. A currency is convertible when the issuing country promises to redeem the currency at current market rates. Convertible currencies are traded in world currency markets. What is a convertible currency?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. It becomes very difficult for multi- national companies to conduct business because there is no easy way to take profits out of the country. Often, firms will barter for goods to export to their home countries. What problems arise when a firm operates in a country whose currency is not convertible?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Spot rates are the rates to buy currency for immediate delivery. Forward rates are the rates to buy currency at some agreed-upon date in the future. What is the difference between spot rates and forward rates?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. When is the forward rate at a premium to the spot rate? If the U. S. dollar buys fewer units of a foreign currency in the forward than in the spot market, the foreign currency is selling at a premium. In the opposite situation, the foreign currency is selling at a discount. The primary determinant of the spot/forward rate relationship is relative interest rates.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. What is interest rate parity? Interest rate parity holds that investors should expect to earn the same return in all countries after adjusting for risk. f t = t-period forward exchange rate e 0 = today’s spot rate k h = periodic interest rate in the home country k f = periodic interest rate in the foreign country fte0fte0 = 1 + k h 1 + k f.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Assume 1 yen = $ in 30-day forward market and k Nom for 30-day risk-free securities in Japan and U. S. = 4%. Does interest rate parity hold? No. f t = $ k h = 4%/12 = 0.333% k f = 4%/12 = 0.333% (More...)
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Therefore, if interest rate parity holds then e 0 = $ However, we were given earlier that e 0 = $ fte0fte0 = 1 + k h 1 + k f = $ e 0 $ e 0 = 1.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. What security offers highest return? Japanese security. 1.Convert $1,000 to yen in spot market. $1,000 x = 111,111 yen. 2.Invest 111,111 yen in 30-day Japanese security. In 30 days receive 111,111 yen x = 111,481 yen. 3.Agree today to exchange 111,481 yen 30 days from now at forward rate. 111,481/ = $1, day return = $59.07/$1,000 = 5.907%, nominal annual return = 12 x 5.907% = 70.88%.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. What is purchasing power parity (PPP)? Purchasing power parity implies that the level of exchange rates adjusts so that identical goods cost the same amount in different countries. P h = P f (e 0 ) or e 0 = P h /P f.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. If grapefruit juice costs $2.00/liter in U. S. and PPP holds, what is the price of grapefruit juice in Australia? PPP= e 0 = P h /P f $0.6500= $2.00/P f P f = $2.00/$ = Australian dollars.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Lower inflation leads to lower interest rates, so borrowing in low-interest countries may appear attractive to multinational firms. However, currencies in low-inflation countries tend to appreciate against those in high-inflation rate countries, so the effective interest cost increases over the life of the loan. What impact does relative inflation have on interest rates and exchange rates?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Eurodollar markets a source of dollars outside the U. S. International bonds Foreign bonds: Sold by foreign borrower, but denominated in the currency of the country of issue. Eurobonds: Sold in country other than the one in whose currency the bonds are denominated. Describe the international money and capital markets.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. To what extent do average capital structures vary across different countries? Previous studies suggested that average capital structures vary among the large industrial countries. However, a recent study, which controlled for differences in accounting practices, suggests that capital structures are more similar across different countries than previously thought.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Distances are greater. Access to more markets for loans and for temporary investments. Cash is often denominated in different currencies. What is the impact of multinational operations on each of the following topics? Cash Management
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Foreign operations are taxed locally, and then funds repatriated may be subject to U. S. taxes. Foreign projects are subject to political risk. Funds repatriated must be converted to U. S. dollars, so exchange rate risk must be taken into account. Capital Budgeting Decisions
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Credit is more important, because commerce to lesser-developed countries often relies on credit. Credit for future payment may be subject to exchange rate risk. Credit Management
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Inventory decisions can be more complex, especially when inventory can be stored in locations in different countries. Some factors to consider are shipping times, carrying costs, taxes, import duties, and exchange rates. Inventory Management
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Capital Budgeting in Foreign Countries Country Singapore India & Thailand Method Average Accounting Return (AAR) Payback Period Comment Divides the average Net Income of a project by that project’s average book value of equity. Preferred by Indian and Thai financial managers because of relative simplicity.