Nov 4, th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715

Nov 4, th CAARI2 Introduction u What is the Nobel Laboratory Series of experiments? u Format and content of some NLS labs u Observations of what has worked and changes made in past 10 years u Some new experiments and the future

Nov 4, th CAARI3 The Nobel Laboratory Series u Upper division laboratory u Experiments based on recent Nobel prize- winning work u Major new equipment purchased through the NSF-ILI program (1990) u Take advantage of department “experts” in various research areas

Nov 4, th CAARI4 The NLS Experiments u High Temperature Superconductivity – (K.A. Muller and J.G. Bednorz 1987) u Scanning-Tunneling Microscopy –(G. Binnig and H. Rohrer 1986) u Nuclear Reactions and Nucleosynthesis –(W.A. Fowler 1983) u Electron Spectroscopy –(K.M. Siegbahn 1981)

Nov 4, th CAARI5 The NLS Experiments - cont. u Non-linear Optics – (N. Bloembergen 1981) u Laser Spectroscopy –(A. L. Schawlow 1981) u Magnetism and the Quantum Nature of Solids – (J.H. Van Vleck, N.F. Mott, P.W. Anderson 1977)

Nov 4, th CAARI6 Nuclear Reactions and Nucleosynthesis u Experiment: Study the nuclear reactions Li 7 (p,  )He 4 and F 19 (p,  )O 16 u Physics: collision kinematics, reaction cross section, energy loss for ions in solids and energy straggling, resonant reactions u Equipment: 2MV van de Graaff accelerator, solid state particle detectors, pulse counting electronics and MCA, vacuum hardware

Nov 4, th CAARI7 MSU Ion Beam Laboratory

Nov 4, th CAARI8 2 MV van de Graaff Accelerator

Nov 4, th CAARI9 NRA and RBS Target Chamber

Nov 4, th CAARI10 NLS Experiments: Format u Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab u Week 1: Introductory lectures (2 or 3) – Students run a “calibration” experiment to become familiar with the equipment; reading and homework –Example: 210 Po source and Al stopper foil

Nov 4, th CAARI11 NLS Experiments: Format u Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab u Week 2: All students run a standard experiment –Ex: study the kinematics of the p,  reaction in a LiF target at one scattering angle and two different accelerator beam energies –get familiar with operation of the van de Graaff accelerator and data analysis

Nov 4, th CAARI12 NLS Experiments: Format u Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab u Weeks 3&4: Expand the standard experiment or carry out a new experiment –Ex: Measure the reaction cross section for the F resonance; measure the dependence of the reaction products on incident kinetic energy for F- and Li- derived  ’s –oral presentations in class

Nov 4, th CAARI13 Comments: Things that work well u 4-hour lab session each week u Open-ended experiments u Opportunity for student design of experiment u Oral presentations in Weeks 2, 3, and 4 u Weekly, short written reports u Occasional long, complete reports u Groups of 2 or 3 students

Nov 4, th CAARI14 …More things that work well u Lab manuals tailored to our experiments u 4 experiments per semester (4 weeks each) u Access to department experts u Support for other programs –high-school teachers (STIR) –2- and 4-year faculty enhancement workshops (2) –MS in Science Education for high-school teachers –Senior Capstone projects

Nov 4, th CAARI15 Comments: Things that need fixing u Safety in the lab u “Too much work” for a 2-credit course u “Too much software”: PC instrumentation u Limited design experience for students u Too expensive for small department NSF: $90K; MSU: $90K; Physics $30K u More faculty involvement u High maintenance costs (optics,vacuum hdwr)

Nov 4, th CAARI16 Acknowledgements u People: Robert J. Swenson John Carlsten Rufus Cone John E. Drumheller Gerald J. Lapeyre Hugo Schmidt Richard J. Smith Students and visitors u Funding: NSF Grant No. DMR

Nov 4, th CAARI17 Examples of Student Projects u STM study of Au particles on graphite u STM study of ion impact craters on graphite u ERDA for hydrogen analysis in Ti-Mo alloys u AES analysis of S-O interaction on Ti surfaces

Nov 4, th CAARI18 Significant changes in recent years u Drop the experiments using high power lasers –safety and damage to optical components u Increase course credit to 4 semester credits u Add more optics labs u Initiation of capstone experience at MSU

Nov 4, th CAARI19 New experiments u Gaussian Beam Propagation u Longitudinal Modes of He-Ne Laser u Index of Refraction of Gases using an Acousto-optic Modulator u Pockels effect using Frequency Doubling Electro-optic modulation (KD 2 PO 4 )

Nov 4, th CAARI20 New experiments: Pockels Effect u Reference: “Frequency doubling electro-optic modulation system for Pockels effect measurements: application in LiNbO 3 ”, N.G. Theofanous et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 (5) May 1997 u Modified for KD 2 PO 4

Nov 4, th CAARI21 Pockels Effect using FDEOM

Nov 4, th CAARI22 Pockels Effect using FDEOM u Waveforms on and off the frequency doubling position