Disposal/Recycling of Nanomaterials: Advancing the Eco-Responsible Design and Disposal of Engineered Nanomaterials An International Workshop March 9-10, 2009 Rice University, Houston, Texas Presented by: Golam Mustafa, Ph.D. US EPA Region 6 Dallas, Texas

March 9-10, Presentation Outline Focus of Waste Disposal/Recycling Waste Management and Regulations Nano Waste and Possible Regulations Information Needed for Nanomaterials Disposal/Recycling

March 9-10, ** How EPA currently deals with waste Generator/Hauler Transfer Station / Material Recovery Facility (MRF) Recycler / End User Permitted Solid Waste / Hazardous Waste / Other Special Waste Facilities

March 9-10, 20094

5 ** One Possible Pathway for Hazardous Waste

March 9-10, Copper slag can be used for road base and sub-base construction Finished road Copper Slag at Chino Mine New Mexico and Miami Smelter in Arizona ** Ancillary Waste - Copper Slag

March 9-10, ** Ancillary Wastes – Silver and Gold Slags Silver SlagGold Slag

March 9-10, Traditional Waste Cycle

March 9-10, Current Waste Cycle

March 9-10, What do we mean by Nanomaterials Waste Streams? Pure Nanomaterials Manufactured (e.g., Carbon Nanotubes). Nano By-products with organic or inorganic. Liquid Suspensions Containing Nanomaterials. Items Contaminated with Nanomaterials (e.g., Wipes/PPE). Solid matrixes with Nanomaterials.

March 9-10, ** Nano Containing End-Products Electronics FoodBaby Products Batteries Appliances Sun Screen

March 9-10, Kinds of Regulations Pollution Prevention & Risk Mitigation Information Decimation Creating Waste while Protecting the Environment Direct Waste Management

March 9-10, X Regulations for Pollution Prevention and Risk Mitigation Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Pollution Prevention Control Act (PPCA)

March 9-10, X Regulations for Information Decimation Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) ( Does Nano declared as toxic?) Emergency Planning and Community Right- to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hazardous Materials Transport Act (HMTA, Administered by DOT )

March 9-10, X Regulations - Creating Waste while Protecting the Environment Clean Water Act (CWA) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Clean Air Act (CAA)

March 9-10, X Direct Waste Management Regulations Resource Conservation and Recovery Act [RCRA Subtitles C (hazardous waste), D (non-hazardous waste) & I (underground storage tank)]. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund Cleanup Program). Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfield Revitalization Act (2002).

March 9-10, X Non-regulatory Options for Nano Volunteer & Stewardship Programs Development of Guidelines Voluntary Standards

March 9-10, Possible Regulatory Options for Nano Environmental Monitoring Manufacturers or Importers Checklist (Material Safety Data Sheet, MSDS) Labeling Product take-back requirements New Regulations for Nanomaterials.

March 9-10, Information Needed for Nanomaterials disposal/recycling Intrinsic Toxicity (for example Arsenic or Cadmium) Recyclability Properties such as thermal, mechanical, chemical properties of nano composites. Fate & Transport of Nanomaterials in the environment upon disposal. Safety and Hazard Factors for Nanomaterials.

March 9-10, Specific Examples of Information Needed How to handle nanomaterials from incinerators, Scrubbers, and Bag Houses [Some nanomaterials may not be decomposed upon incineration or captured in scrubbers, permitting their release to the air]. How to protect disposal/recycling workers [What information and training are needed to protect workers from exposure to nanomaterials during recycling or disposal operations?]

March 9-10, Specific Examples of Information Needed What needs to be done with miscellaneous products containing nanomaterials? (e.g., take back, disassemble and reuse). What needs to be done in design for disassembly, in particular, for separating out parts containing nanomaterials? (e.g., design reusable computer cover case). How much do we know about the Fate & Transport of Nanomaterials? (e.g., if the liners for landfills/underground storage tanks/impoundments are tested for Nanomaterials).

March 9-10, Final Thoughts! Nanomaterials are very special. Essentially, there are no specific regulatory control for Nanomaterials. There will be waste generated from nanotechnology. We need to be proactive about disposal and recycling of nanomaterials and products containing nanomaterials to make sure that we protect public health and the environment.

March 9-10, Acknowledgement I like to acknowledge the following individuals who made this presentation possible by providing their ideas and inputs. Barbara Karn, USEPA, Washington, D.C., and, Willie Kelley, USEPA Region 6, Dallas, Texas.

March 9-10, CONTACT INFORMATION Golam Mustafa, Ph.D. USEPA Region 6, Dallas, Texas Tel: (214)