Why Biodiesel? Produced locally Improved air quality Renewable resource Simple production process Works in existing infrastructure –Today’s diesel cars and trucks –Today’s distribution system –Today’s filling stations

Brevard Biodiesel seeks to promote the availability and use of clean-burning, renewable biodiesel fuel as a replacement for petroleum by raising public awareness of its environmental, economic, and national security benefits. Brevard BioDiesel was formed in 2004 in Brevard County, Florida. Web site: BrevardBiodiesel.org

What is Biodiesel? Cetane – typical of petro-diesel Example: Linoleic Acid Methyl-Ester or Ethyl-Ester Fat/Oil [aka FEEDSTOCK] stripped of glycerine resulting in fuel similar to petroleum based diesel. The Feedstock determines chemical properties of resulting biodiesel. E.g. “Cloud Point”.

Transesterification Convert “3-headed” Oils into HydroCarbon chains similar to petroleum diesel… Typical Oil, three fatty acid chains attached to glycerol. (Trilinoleic Ester, typical of soy oil) Cetane – typical of petro-diesel + Methanol H 3 C-OH = Typical “Biodiesel” Methyl-Ester + Byproduct: Glycerol aka Glycerine

Making Biodiesel Inputs: –Fat/Vegetable Oil (“Feedstock”) –Methanol/Ethanol –Catalyst - “Lye” (Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide) –Water Outputs: –Biodiesel –Dirty Water –Glycerine

Filter Glycerin Methanol RecoveryWash Transesterification Reactor Holding/Settling Tank FEEDSTOCK: Low-FFA Waste Vegetable Oil Screen Triglycerides Free Fatty Acids (FFA) Water Catfish & French Fries Catfish & French Fries Triglycerides FFA Water Triglycerides FFA Water NaOH or KOH Methyl Esters (biodiesel) Soaps Diglycerides Monoglycerides Excess Methanol Glycerin Excess Methanol Heat & Time Heat & Agitation Methyl Esters (biodiesel) Settling & Separation Compost (KOH only) Waste Water Pump & Drive Soaps Diglycerides Monoglycerides Excess Methanol Reversible Reaction ~60%? Boost using:  Excess Methanol  Heat (<148ºF)  Pressure  Remove some glycerin & biodiesel Biodiesel Production (Batch type) Copyright 2007 Brevard Biodiesel Methanol Distillation

Feedstock Choices Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) Virgin Vegetable Oil –Soy –Canola (variety of Europe’s Rapeseed) –Palm –Jatropha –Other: Hemp, Sunflower, Camelina Industrial byproduct – Animal Tallow, Inedible Corn Oil Algae Liposuction – yes.

Oil Feedstock Yields per Acre per Year Corn – 15 gallons Hemp – 31 gallons Soybeans – 38 gallons Camelina – 50 gallons Sunflowers – 82 gallons Rapeseed/Canola – 102 gallons Jatropha – 162 gallons -> 1600 gallons? Oil palm – 508 gallons Algae - 20,000 gallons? (LiveFuels Inc.) 4,000 gallons (Bionavitas) PetroAlgae:Algae R&D site Fellsmere FL “My Dream Fuel” – Jatropha near Ft. Myers FL

Other feedstock considerations Sustainable? Palm Oil – Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil: rspo.org Sustainable Biodiesel Summit – sustainable-biodiesel.org Impact on food supplies? ( Consequently, the 498 million gallons of biodiesel that will be produced between 2006 and 2015 will increase farm level soybean prices nearly 10 percent by Using the USDA 2006 Long-Term Baseline forecast for soybean prices as a starting point, soybean farmers can expect increased biodiesel demand to increase average soybean prices $0.58 per bushel by 2015.) Chemical properties differ – for example palm oil based B100 biodiesel will start to gel at about 55 degrees F! Is there enough? In the US we use billion gallons of diesel on our highways each year. We produce ~5 billion gallons of vegetable oil per year. Another datapoint - New York City could produce 53 million gallons of biodiesel annually from its waste greases … That is about 5x the annual diesel fuel consumption of its public transit system.

Sustainability Principles 1.Biodiesel production shall follow all applicable laws of the jurisdiction in which it is produced. 2.Biodiesel projects shall be developed and operated under appropriate, transparent, and participatory processes that involve all relevant stakeholders. 3.Biodiesel shall contribute to climate change mitigation by significantly reducing lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions as compared to fossil fuels. Producers shall strive to continuously improve that reduction. 4.Biodiesel production shall support human rights and labor rights, and shall ensure safe and decent working conditions. 5.Biodiesel production shall contribute to the social and economic development of local communities. 6.Biodiesel production shall strive to improve food security. 7.Throughout the supply chain, the biodiesel industry shall implement management systems that maintain and strive to improve biodiversity, areas of High Conservation Value, and the quality of natural resources such as soil, air, and water. 8.Biodiesel production shall respect natural resource rights, such as land and water rights. 9.All participants throughout biodiesel supply chain shall be dedicated to the ideal of continuous improvement. Members shall, through ongoing efforts, make advancements in the economic, social and environmental performance of the industry. National Biodiesel Board Formalized Guidelines – February 2009

Production System Choices “Batch” processing vs. Continuous processing Small Scale / Batch processing / (“Homebrewing”) –Appleseed “Open Source” Reactor (~$ ) –FuelMeister (~$3000-$4000) –BioPro (50 gallons in 60 hours) (~$8000) Medium/Large Scale –Xenerga, Kissimmee, WVO, 5 million gallons per year (MMgy) (~$2,000,000) –ADM, North Dakota, Canola, 85 MMgy

Appleseed Processor “open-source” design – improved upon by community Build-it yourself, $200-$500 Kits: Range from $200 for hardware less tank/vents, $700 w/tank, $2000 built on-site.

Other small processors

Small System Costs/Sources Where/How to get Vegetable Oil – restaurants, Prefilter WVO Water settles to bottom of waste oil, scoop from top or press oil from seeds: Methanol/Ethanol – racing fuel Sunoco Racing Alcohol = Methanol $ for 55 gallons Sodium/Potassium Hydroxide Red Devil Lye = NaOH KOH $2-$3/lb at 50lbs for What to do with Glycerine… Making soap: Compost? – but probably not if NaOH, only KOH Convert to Syngas? Glycerol based Syngas burning: Florida Syngas LLC of Grant, FL

Small System Regulations Zoning considerations. For example, City of Melbourne incorporates Florida Fire Prevention Code Limits on storage of material, methanol is one of most concern. Recommend talking to nearest fire station captain before starting to review your plans and configuration. Taxes Federal excise tax: analysis of excise tax re: biodiesel: FL State excise tax: ???

Larger Processing Supercritical process: No catalyst High temp/pressure Continuous Ultrasonic/Cavitation: 99% conversion, 5mins 50% less catalyst Higher purity glycerol byproduct

Installed Cost Estimates Roughly $1 per gallon – e.g. 10 Mmgy plant costs about $10,000,000 Links to feasibility studies:

World Biodiesel Production

Government Incentives Jobs Creation Act of 2004 – Up to $1.00 per gallon tax credit (to blender of biodiesel) Energy Policy Act Credits for using Biodiesel in fleets (EPAct) US States Mandating use of B2: Minnesota, Washington, Pennsylvania (1/2010), requires 2% of diesel in state be biodiesel (2005+). Washington state B2/Dec2008. Brazil B2. Thailand B2. Iowa B20? Florida Statute – Matching Grants for Renewable Energy $15 million in Sales/Rental/Use/Consumption/Distribution/Storage of biofuels exempt from State of Florida tax (up to $1 million aggregate) thru 1 July (Statute ) Florida tax credit on 75% of capital/operation/maintenance/R&D up to $6.5 million aggregate thru 1 July (Statute ) Florida Energy Law “ All state agencies shall use ethanol and biodiesel blended fuels when available. State agencies administering central fueling operations for state owned vehicles shall procure biofuels for fleet needs to the greatest extent practicable.” More at Alternative Fuels Data Center:

Consumer Vehicles - US 23% of US car buyers considering “clean diesel”, expect +15mpg gain, will pay +$1500. Europe now > 50% diesel for new cars. (July 2007, up from 12% 2006) Europe average mpg: 36US average mpg: 22 Ford F Audi Q7 and A Honda Accord 2010? VW Jetta TDI 2009 Also: BMW Series 3, X5 (2009), Audi A3 (2010), Saturn Aura (2010), Mercedes 320 Series (2009). Hyundai SUV? Kia SUV? Nissan Maxima? Mitsubishi Lance? GMC Sierra (2009), Jeep Grand Cherokee CRD (2009), Cadillac CTS (2010), VW Touareg 2 V10 (2009), Sportswagen (2009). MINI? Porsche Cayenne? Saab SUV? Smart ForTwo? Subaru? Volvo? VW Golf diesel/hybrid? Clean Diesel Vehicle Tax Credit: Varies by model - $900-$1800 or so.

Looking Ahead… Biodiesel can be a piece of a comprehensive renewable energy solution. Feedstock selection can impact economic, environmental, and chemical processes. Traditional vegetable oil alone is very unlikely to source the transportation fuel needs of the world. Algae might prove an order of magnitude more important in coming years. “ 15,000 square miles of algae ponds would be needed to replace all petroleum transportation fuels with biodiesel. “ “ $46.2 billion per year for all the algae farms, to yield all the oil feedstock necessary for the entire country. Compare that to the $ billion the US spends each year just on purchasing crude oil from foreign countries, with all of that money leaving the US economy.”