Understanding the Potential for Open Government: Open Source Processes for E-Government Walt Scacchi Institute for Software Research and CRITO Consortium University of California, Irvine

2 Open Government? Free/open source software development encourages sharing, examination, reuse, modification, and redistributionFree/open source software development encourages sharing, examination, reuse, modification, and redistribution E-Government encourages adoption of E-Commerce/E-Business in government agency operations, functions, business linesE-Government encourages adoption of E-Commerce/E-Business in government agency operations, functions, business lines Open government embraces open source and E-government processes, practices, and communitiesOpen government embraces open source and E-government processes, practices, and communities

3 Why Open Government? Help make government faster, better, cheaperHelp make government faster, better, cheaper Empower interested government employees, contractors, and interested citizens to offer help and capture their contributionsEmpower interested government employees, contractors, and interested citizens to offer help and capture their contributions Enable creation of public test-beds where existing/new government processes can be demonstrated, manipulated, and refined.Enable creation of public test-beds where existing/new government processes can be demonstrated, manipulated, and refined.

4 Open source processes Free/open source software does not embody the processes for how to develop, deploy, use or sustain themFree/open source software does not embody the processes for how to develop, deploy, use or sustain them –Deploying free/open source software is low-cost, but often inefficient and sub-optimal Closed source software development, deployment, use, and support is also inefficient and sub-optimalClosed source software development, deployment, use, and support is also inefficient and sub-optimal –Explicit open source processes could also help closed source systems.

5 Motivations for open source processes Closed source processes: opaque or tacit, difficult to improve, subject to patentClosed source processes: opaque or tacit, difficult to improve, subject to patent Continuous process improvement and organizational learning requires open access to the “source code” of operational processesContinuous process improvement and organizational learning requires open access to the “source code” of operational processes

6 Closed vs. administrative vs. open source processes Closed: Amazon “one-click” e-purchaseClosed: Amazon “one-click” e-purchase –Patented processes inhibits their sharing, reuse, study, modification, and redistribution Administrative: Java community processAdministrative: Java community process –asserts property rights, responsibilities, and administrative authority –legalistic or bureaucratic “policy and procedures” are narrative, not operational => ambiguous interpretation and legal wrangling

7 A closed source business process example

8 Java Community Process

9 Government operations and business processes Example: Procurement and acquisitionExample: Procurement and acquisition Procurement: purchasing MRO suppliesProcurement: purchasing MRO supplies Acquisition: contracting for servicesAcquisition: contracting for services –Not simply a matter using electronic forms or extensible markup notations about them –Reengineering these processes is complex and requires process comprehension, transformation, integration, commitment, and training W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Journal of Information Technology and Management, 2(3), , 2001.W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Journal of Information Technology and Management, 2(3), , 2001.Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case StudyRedesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study

10 Administrative process example

11 Open source process example Example of an open source process model of a proposal submission process, specified in a Process Markup Language, PML J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 4(1):39-61, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing

12 Government operations and business processes Federal Enterprise Architecture process domains are the prime candidatesFederal Enterprise Architecture process domains are the prime candidates –Financial management –Human relations –Monitoring benefits and public health –Data and statistics development –Criminal investigation –Regulation and legislation development, deployment, and enforcement

13 Applications: State Government (Secretary of) State of Rhode Island(Secretary of) State of Rhode Island – Civic participation and public monitoringCivic participation and public monitoring On-line rules and regulationsOn-line rules and regulations State of HawaiiState of Hawaii –HiGov.NET Intranet portal Prototype (Microsoft format video)Prototype (Microsoft format video)video HiGov.NET Intranet Portal: An Open Source Solution for Empowering State Employees With a Dynamic Web PortalHiGov.NET Intranet Portal: An Open Source Solution for Empowering State Employees With a Dynamic Web PortalHiGov.NET Intranet Portal: An Open Source Solution for Empowering State Employees With a Dynamic Web PortalHiGov.NET Intranet Portal: An Open Source Solution for Empowering State Employees With a Dynamic Web Portal

14 OSS Web-DB on Legislative Meetings and Bills

15 RI Online rules and regulations w/ notification services

16 Applications: State Government HiGov.NET Intranet portalHiGov.NET Intranet portal –Prototype (Microsoft format video) video –HiGov.NET Intranet Portal: An Open Source Solution for Empowering State Employees With a Dynamic Web Portal (report) report –Built using PLONE ( PLONE Governor’s Office, State of TexasGovernor’s Office, State of Texas

17 Applications: military and security Most of the military enterprise focuses on operational, logistical, and training processesMost of the military enterprise focuses on operational, logistical, and training processes Administrative processes are ponderous, procrustean, rather than agile, flexibleAdministrative processes are ponderous, procrustean, rather than agile, flexible Current legacy processes are compliance oriented, rather than improvement orientedCurrent legacy processes are compliance oriented, rather than improvement oriented

18 DD(X) Overview

19 DD(X) Acquisition Guidelines

20 Applications: military and security Homeland security will increasingly become focus of process improvement, streamlining and cost reduction.Homeland security will increasingly become focus of process improvement, streamlining and cost reduction.

21 Open Govt Opportunities Establish OG Web portals and clearinghouseEstablish OG Web portals and clearinghouse –Create/share process toolkits, libraries, repositories Co-sourced development of OG processesCo-sourced development of OG processes –amortize and share OG development costs Capture and codification of government process domain expertiseCapture and codification of government process domain expertise Operational OG system and process demo’sOperational OG system and process demo’s –OG prototypes and public test-beds –Exportable processes for democratic government operations

22Conclusions Free/open source software systems for government represent a significant opportunityFree/open source software systems for government represent a significant opportunity Seek high-level, user-friendly processes for government operations expressed as open source, computationally enactable processesSeek high-level, user-friendly processes for government operations expressed as open source, computationally enactable processes Open government embraces and extends open source, while also moving towards flexible, agile democratic government operationsOpen government embraces and extends open source, while also moving towards flexible, agile democratic government operations Current NSF Digital Govt program does not embrace or encourage OSS applications or processesCurrent NSF Digital Govt program does not embrace or encourage OSS applications or processes

23Acknowledgements The research described in this report is supported by contracts/grants from:The research described in this report is supported by contracts/grants from: National Science Foundation National Science Foundation –#IIS , #ITR , #ITR and Industry/University Research Cooperative for the CRITO Consortium Defense Acquisition UniversityDefense Acquisition University –#N No endorsement implied.No endorsement implied.

24References Center for Open Source and GovernmentCenter for Open Source and Government – Robert W. Hahn (ed.), Government Policy toward Open Source Software. AEI- Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, Dec 2002.Robert W. Hahn (ed.), Government Policy toward Open Source Software. AEI- Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, Dec 2002.Government Policy toward Open Source SoftwareGovernment Policy toward Open Source Software

25References J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 4(1):39-61, 2001J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 4(1):39-61, 2001Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational ComputingSpecifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Journal of Information Technology and Management, 2(3), , 2001.W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Journal of Information Technology and Management, 2(3), , 2001.Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case StudyRedesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study W. Scacchi, Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System Acquisition, technical report, July 2002.W. Scacchi, Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System Acquisition, technical report, July 2002.Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System AcquisitionOpen Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System Acquisition W. Scacchi, Open EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Commerce and Open Source Software Development, technical report, July 2002.W. Scacchi, Open EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Commerce and Open Source Software Development, technical report, July 2002.Open EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Commerce and Open Source Software DevelopmentOpen EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Commerce and Open Source Software Development

26References W. Scacchi, Understanding the Social, Technological, and Policy Implications of Open Source Software Development position paper presented at the NSF Workshop on Open Source Software, January 2002 (revised August 2002).W. Scacchi, Understanding the Social, Technological, and Policy Implications of Open Source Software Development position paper presented at the NSF Workshop on Open Source Software, January 2002 (revised August 2002).Understanding the Social, Technological, and Policy Implications of Open Source Software DevelopmentUnderstanding the Social, Technological, and Policy Implications of Open Source Software Development W. Scacchi, Understanding the Requirements for Developing Open Source Software Systems, IEE Proceedings--Software, 149(1), 24-39, February 2002.W. Scacchi, Understanding the Requirements for Developing Open Source Software Systems, IEE Proceedings--Software, 149(1), 24-39, February 2002.Understanding the Requirements for Developing Open Source Software Systems,Understanding the Requirements for Developing Open Source Software Systems,