Observations of Total Peroxy Nitrates during TOPSE I. Introduction We present in-situ high time resolution measurements of NO 2 and total peroxynitrate mixing ratios made aboard the C-130 aircraft as part of the Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) campaign from January – May A two channel Thermal Dissociation Laser Induced Fluorescence (TD- LIF) instrument was used to measure ambient NO 2 and total peroxynitrate (  PAN  PAN + PPN + MPAN + HNO 4 + N 2 O 5 + …+ RC(O)OONO 2 ) concentrations. Air was drawn from a single point ~ 18 cm from the belly of the aircraft and then split between the two channels. One channel of the instrument measured ambient NO 2 by LIF. The other channel had an oven (30 cm long x 6 mm OD pyrex tube) set at a temperature of ~ 450 K to effect the quantitative conversion of peroxynitrates to NO 2 and a companion radical. In this channel, the sum of the resulting NO 2 and ambient NO 2 was measured by LIF. The difference between the two channels is the total peroxynitrate concentration. Total peroxynitrate concentrations ranged from near zero to greater than 1500 ppt. We discuss the instrument’s performance, an informal intercomparison between the TDLIF  PAN measurements and the NCAR GC-ECD measurements of PAN and PPN, and the importance of other peroxynitrates such as pernitric acid (HNO 4 ) in the arctic winter troposphere. J. A. Thornton 1, P. J. Wooldridge 1, D. A. Day 1, R. S. Rosen 1, R. C. Cohen 1, F. Flocke 2, A. Weinheimer 2, B. A. Ridley Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94720; 2 Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR; Boulder CO II. Thermal-Dissociation Laser-Induced Fluorescence III. NO 2 Measurements XNO 2 + heat  X + NO 2 The NO 2 yield vs. temperature curve for a combination of different classes of nitrate compounds can be predicted and measured. T< 325 K NO 2 T~ 500 K PAN + PPN + HNO 4 + N 2 O 5 + RO 2 NO 2 + NO 2 T~ 650 K RONO 2 + RO 2 NO 2 + NO 2 IV.  PAN Measurements Sampling Calibrating & Zeros Zero Gas To LIF Cell 1 - Pinholes to reduce pressure (increased flow rate) 1/4”diameter, 25 cm long pyrex tube wrapped in nichromewire for heating. To LIF Cell 2 Cooling Section Inlet/Calibration Calibrating & Zeros ~ 3m of tubing Oven: To LIF Cell 2 Cooling Section Inlet/Calibration Premixed NO 2 Calibration Gas PAN source PFA Teflon Manifold The TD-LIF instrument fit into a standard research aircraft rack (see photo), weighed ~ 200 kg, and consumed 1.1 kW of aircraft power (4 Amps of 110V 400 Hz and 23 Amps of 28V DC). The inlet (see schematic) was located approximately 3 m from the detection axis at the belly of the aircraft. It consists of a small (~ 9 cm 3 ) PFA teflon manifold. Air is sampled from the manifold through two separate PFA lines by a combination of a rotary vane vacuum pump and a roots blower. One line is directed straight to an LIF detection cell (Cell 1) to measure ambient NO 2 ([NO 2 ] signal_1 = [NO 2 ] ambient ), and the other passes through a 25 cm long, 6 mm OD pyrex oven to affect the dissociation of organic peroxynitrates (PAN, PPN, HNO 4, etc) and N 2 O 5 to a sister radical and NO 2. After the oven, the gas is directed to a second LIF detection cell (Cell 2) to measure ambient NO 2 plus NO 2 from the dissociation ([NO 2 ] signal_2 = [NO 2 ] ambient + [NO 2 ] ROONO2+Heat ). Calibrations to NO 2 and zero artifact tests were done routinely during flights by flooding the inlet manifold with a gas mixture or zero air. Tests of the dissociation oven were done by adding a PAN standard mixture to the inlet manifold between missions. The above figures demonstrate the TD-LIF technique’s capabilities. On the left, 12-second average  PAN (triangles) and NO 2 (open squares) concentrations measured by the TD-LIF instrument are plotted versus time for a local research flight based out of Churchill, Canada April 11, Arrows indicate when the thermal dissociation oven was either turned on or off. When the oven is off, the two channels measure the same NO 2 concentrations, and thus the difference in signal between the two channels is zero on average. When the oven is on, the difference in signal between the two channels is proportional to the sum total peroxynitrate concentration which ranged from near zero to 750 ppt during this flight. To the right, we demonstrate the high time resolution by showing the the 12-second average data from a narrow time window (56500 sec – sec) together with the NCAR (PAN+PPN) data (solid black squares) which was measured on a slower time interval by Gas Chromatography ECD. The results of a point-by-point comparison of all TD-LIF  PAN and NCAR GC_(PAN+PPN) measurements are shown above. 12-second average TD-LIF data that fell within 36 seconds of a GC_(PAN+PPN) measurement were averaged for the comparison. A linear fit to the comparison data suggests the two data sets agree to with 4% on average with a 1.6 ppt offset and good correlation (R 2 = 0.77). However, at the lower concentrations the TD-LIF measurements are biased low relative to the GC measurements. This bias is also evident in the plot to the left. The ratio of LIF_  PAN/GC_(PAN+PPN) is plotted versus ambient pressure (mbar). At the lowest pressures (highest altitudes), the TD-LIF instrument measures slightly higher (~10-15%) total peroxynitrates than the GC_(PAN+PPN) measurements on average, and at the highest pressures (lowest altitudes) the TD-LIF measurements are ~30% less than the GC measurements. Because  PAN concentrations are correlated with ambient pressure (altitude), it is difficult to determine the cause of this trend. The trend maybe due to a relative calibration offset between the two instruments and to the presence of peroxynitrates other than PAN and PPN such as HNO 4. Examples of the LIF NO 2 measurements (red circles) made on the C-130 are shown above for two consecutive flights along with the NO 2 measurements made by NCAR using Photo-Fragment Chemiluminescence. The measurements shown here are 1-minute averages. The LIF and NCAR NO 2 are in reasonable agreement above 10 ppt, and the comparison is noisy below that. Both channels in the TD-LIF instrument measured the same NO 2 concentrations. V.  PAN and the NO y Budget The two plots above show the ratio of  NO yi /NO y versus ambient pressure. On the left,  NO yi = NO + NO 2 +  PAN + HNO 3, where the NO and NO 2 measurements were made by NCAR, HNO 3 by the UNH mist chamber instrument, and  PAN by the TD-LIF instrument. The ratio of the sum of these NO y species to the total is scattered about the value of 1 indicating closure in the NO y budget. On the right,  NO yi = NO + NO 2 + GC_(PAN+PPN) + HNO 3, where the NCAR GC measurements of PAN and PPN are used in place of the TD-LIF  PAN measurements. The ratio of the sum of these NO y species to the total exhibits a similar trend versus pressure as that observed in the comparison to the TD-LIF instrument. The apparent calibration offset between the three instruments (TD-LIF, GC, total NO y ) affects our ability to assess the abundance of other peroxy nitrates such as HNO 4. VI. O 3 and  PAN Correlations The TOPSE experiment was designed to improve our knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the springtime increase in tropospheric O 3 over the Arctic. The figure above, left, shows O 3 versus the LIF  PAN concentration binned by altitude for data collected north of 50 . The importance of separating the role of mixing from chemistry is apparent in this figure : Above 6km (blue circles), we observe recent mixing of stratospheric (high ozone, low  PAN) and tropospheric air (low ozone, high  PAN) Between 2 and 5 km (black triangles), we observe layers with 1600ppt  PAN and 75 ppb O 3 indicating mixing of mid latitude air. Below 2km (red squares),  PAN is mostly below 400ppt, and there is little evidence for mixing. In the figure above, right, we plot O 3 and  PAN mixing ratios averaged over an entire flight versus day of year. When TD- LIF  PAN measurements were not available we used the NCAR GC_(PAN+PPN) measurements in the average. The correlated increase of both O 3 and  PAN in the Arctic provide a strong constraint for models aimed at describing the roles of both transport and chemistry. While the increase in tropospheric O 3 as observed in the figure could be explained solely from an increase in mixing of stratospheric air masses, the correlated increase in  PAN mixing ratios (R 2 = 0.63) can not be since  PAN mixing ratios are essentially zero in the stratosphere. The two figures above show  PAN (black squares) and GC_(PAN+PPN) (red circles) measurements plotted versus time for two consecutive flights. Up to three 12-second  PAN measurements were averaged to each GC_(PAN+PPN) measurement. The flights are the same as those shown in section III NO 2 Measurements. Flight 40, on the left, shows periods where the TD-LIF  PAN measurements are higher than the GC_(PAN+PPN) measurements as well as periods when they are lower. During Flight 41, on the right, the measurements agree well during periods when concentrations were changing rapidly. VII.Conclusions The TD-LIF measurements of  PAN are in good general agreement with the GC_(PAN+PPN) measurements. These two data sets provide evidence that the major NO y species in the Arctic troposphere is PAN. Calibration offsets between the two data sets (10-30%) make estimates of the abundance of other peroxynitrates difficult. However, future analysis will be aimed at constraining the abundance of HNO 4 in the Arctic troposphere using the TD-LIF  PAN measurements. The altitude dependence to the correlation of  PAN with O 3 demonstrates the importance of separating the roles of mixing and chemistry. The observed seasonal increase of both  PAN and O 3 concentrations provides a strong constraint for models aimed at describing the roles of both transport and chemistry.