Sedimentary Structures “Strata” on Mars (2004). Stratafication Bedding (1-300 cm) Laminations (<1 cm) Massive Strata (>300 cm)

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Presentation transcript:

Sedimentary Structures “Strata” on Mars (2004)

Stratafication Bedding (1-300 cm) Laminations (<1 cm) Massive Strata (>300 cm)

Inter-Bed Structures (within strata) Graded Beds Cross Beds Soft Sediment Deformation Dropstones Outcrop of turbidites, Carboniferous, northwestern China.

Graded Beds Death Valley, CA

Cross Beds Zion National Park, UT

Mars - Crossbeds

Soft Sediment Deformation image credit: Roger Suthren. Bude Formation, Upper Carboniferous, N Cornwall

Dropstones Norway

Intra-Bed Structures (on the surface of strata) Ripple Marks Mudcracks Raindrop Impressions Flute Marks

Ripple Marks

Mudcracks Glacier National Park, MT

Raindrop Impressions

Flute Marks

Fossils

Unaltered Remains (Usually “younger” fossils) Amber Mammoth Hair 2,400yr old Bog Man, Denmark Subfossil Wood

“Fossilized” Remains Permineralization Replacement Carbonization

Molds and Casts Cast - Paleozoic Crinoid Mold - Pennsylvanian Shark’s Jaw

“Trace Fossils” Track: an impression made by a single foot. Trackway: a number of tracks made during a single trip. Trail: an impression made by a tail or other “non-foot”. Burrows: a hole or holes an animal dug into loose sediment (like mud). Eggs and Nests: shells that at one time would have contained babies and the nests that the babies would have been kept in. Coprolites: poop that has become fossilized.

Trackways and Trails Fish Fin Marks (Nova Scotia) Trilobite Trails, New York 505 million years old (Cambrian) Dino Tracks (Connecticut)

Rodent Burrows

Worm Burrows Middle Silurian, Grimsby Formation, Hamilton, Ontario

Dino Nests Upper Cretaceous close to KT boundary, Henan province, China

Coprolites Miocene Mammal (WA) Cretaceous Hadrosaur (MT)

Sedimentary Environments

Continental - Fluvial

Continental - Glacial

Continental - Desert/Arid

Continental Lacustrine Swamp/Bog

Transitional (Coastlines): Beach & Tidal Zone

Transitional: Deltas & Estuaries

Transitional: Tidal Glaciers

Transitional: Barrier Islands

Transitional: Reef & Lagoon

Marine Shallow Marine Deep Marine

Concept of Sedimentary Facies Sedimentary Facies refers to all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit. The characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment. Facies Depositional Environments

Facies Example A = Sandstone facies (beach environment) B = Shale facies (offshore marine environment) C = Limestone facies (far from sources of terrigenous input) Facies Change