Three Caliphates: `Abbasid, Fatimid, Umayyad Andalus

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Presentation transcript:

Three Caliphates: `Abbasid, Fatimid, Umayyad Andalus Carl W. Ernst Introduction to Islamic Civilization

1. The `Abbasid caliphate (750-1256) Triumph of Persian cosmopolitan and Imperial tradition over Arab particularism Only politically effective for a century Powerful centrifugal forces Economic network tying things together

`Abbasid caliphate – early period Arab elites replaced by Khorasani guard Increasing remoteness of regime from citizens, growth of court ceremonial in Persian style New urban sophistication: hedonistic poetry of Abu Nuwas Growth of Arabic literature: Thousand and One Nights as popular storytelling

Military and economic problems Troops coming from border areas or beyond: Turks as military slaves (mamluks) Weakened economy could not sustain military Rebellion of East African slaves (Zanj) in marshes near Basra

Assertion of Regional Autonomy Provincial independence: Egypt, Persia, Central Asia rise of New Persian language in Arabic script Abandonment of Samarra as capital Iranian Buyid princes (Zaydi Shi`ites from the Caspian) take charge, caliphs as powerless puppets

Ismaìli activism Multiple groups in late ninth century: Carmathians in Bahrain, attack Mecca and steal the Black Stone from Ka`ba (930-951) Àbd Allah leaves Syria (902) and founds Fatimid empire in North Africa, claims descent from Ja`far’s son Àbd Allah

2. A second caliphate (Fatimids) Shi`ite call to prayer, sermon in the name of caliph-imam Kharijite and `Alid principalities in North Africa overwhelmed First military campaigns against Egypt (913-934) unsuccessful

3. Umayyad caliphate in Córdoba Conquest of Iberian peninsula except NW (Asturias) Independent of Baghdad after 740 Umayyad prince `Abd al-Rahman, fleeing `Abbasids, claims throne Battle of Zaragoza vs. Charlemagne leads to romanticized Song of Roland

The Caliphate of Cordoba Excavated ruins of Madinat az-Zahra, ca. 940

Salon Rico

Salon Rico, interior

Audience hall

Mihrab of great mosque

Mihrab detail

The church in the mosque

Mosque interior

Crucifix in the mosque today

Ethnic groups in al-Andalus Mozarabe (muta`arrab): Arabized Christians Sefardic Jews Muladie (muwallad, “born [here]”): Iberian converts to Islam Arabs: Syrians, etc. Berbers Mudejar (mudajjan, “tamed”): Muslims under Christian rule

Umayyad caliphate Andalus ruled by Muslim minority Arabization of Jews and Christians [Egger overestimates isolation of Andalusian Christians: see Codex biblicus legionensis : Biblia visigótico mozárabe in Wilson Library – Latin Bible with Arabic comments]

Economic networks Indus to Andalus: economy, agriculture, industry, trade, cities a medieval “Muslim world” Irrigation based on water wheel (noria) and canal (qanat)

Economy Extraordinary textile production Shift from long distance luxury goods to mass consumption trade Camels, market in timber and metals North Europeans unable to use advanced products of Muslims Silk Road, maritime commerce in western Indian Ocean Shift from Gulf to Red Sea