California

Geography State v Culture Area (NOT same) Central Valley, Mountain, Coastal Rich marine, valley, & mountain Each w/dif. Resources/restrictions Bounded by Sierras, & Plateau

Subsistence Generally Hunting and Gathering Agriculture possible, but not necessary North and central regions had much more available food –Coast Fish (halibut, salmon, sturgeon, and others) Whale Seal Otter Shellfish –Inland Fish (halibut, salmon, sturgeon, and others) Bear Elk Deer Pronghorn Sheep –All Acorn Pine nuts Camas Mesquite beans (in south)

Technology Utilized a variety of materials –Tule reeds –Grasses –Wood and bark –Bone –Shell –Stone, ground and flaked –Skins

Technology Types of technology varied depending on materials in a particular environment and specific needs of the local population –Canoes Dugout (northern coastal, some valley) Plank (southern coastal) Tule reed (valley) –Housing –Food Acquisition/Processing

Social Organization Sedentary in north and central region, more mobile in south Riverine or coastal settlement pattern in north, seasonal in south Kroeber and the “Tribelet” –Predicted +/- 500 tribelets of +/- 500 persons in each (WAY underestimated) –Bean notes 12 just among the Cahuilla, with 50 distinct lineages throughout! –Hereditary (male) headman of wealth and prestige –Central village and satellites –Not bands as one might expect –Requires aid of shaman to “rule” (males in south, any in north) –Could be deposed –Tribelet is autonomous

Social Organization Lineages traced back 3-5 generations Bridewealth common in north North tends to matrilineal, patrilineal in south Southern folks had loosely organized clans Tribelets seemed to be generally peaceful with nearby, linguistically similar neighbors

Beliefs Animatism & animism Individual shamans have power, male or female, through visions & demos Elaborate rituals (Kuksu the Healer, White Deerskin and Jumping Dances, Toloache, First Salmon Rites)

Languages Penutian Hokan Uto-Aztecan Issue: Penutian Invasion?

Additional Issues

Trade for Salt, Stone, Shells Mission Period ( ) –Assimilation –Conversion –Resource Acquisition