Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research.

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Presentation transcript:

Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד2 Lecture outline Principles of membrane separations - flux, selectivity concepts Survey of pressure driven water processes - applications Electrodialysis process - application

סתיו תשנ"ד3 הפרדות למטרות של: 1. טיהור מים 2. טיהור אויר 3. טיפול בשפכים 4. ייצור כמה טובה צריכה להיות ההפרדה? האם יש זרם פסולת? מה לעשות איתה? כמה אנרגיה צורכת ההפרדה? כמה מקום תופס הציוד?

סתיו תשנ"ד4 עקרון של הפרדה ממברנלית Feed side, 1 Permeate Side, 2 A B משואת שטף דרך ממברנה: כח מניע התנגדות הממברנה למעבר של אותו מרכיב

סתיו תשנ"ד5 כימיה של פולימריים מבנה השרשרת – גמיש או קשיח? קבוצות מתחברות (pendant groups ) – פולריים או לא? הידרופילי או לא? גדולים או קטנים?

סתיו תשנ"ד6 מבנה של ממברנות

סתיו תשנ"ד7 ממברנות אסימטריות

סתיו תשנ"ד8 Mechanisms of selectivity Size - sieving Charge chemical affinity - eg hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity hydration-dehydration of ions dielectric effects

סתיו תשנ"ד9 Membrane properties of importance, pressure driven processes Average pore size Pore size distribution - wide? Narrow? Porosity Membrane thickness hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity of surface, matrix surface roughness

סתיו תשנ"ד10 יתרונות של ממברנות חדות ההפרדה הפרדה בעלות אנרגיה יותר נמוכה (בד”כ אין שינוי פאזות) הפרדות בלי חימום הזרם ובתנאים מתונים מאפשר תהליך רציף קל וגמיש לגמלון - מאוד מודולרי גיוון ההפרדה ע”י שינוי תכונות הממברנה אין צורך בתוספת כימיקלים ניתן להכלאה מגרעות של ממברנות קיטוב ריכוזים ואילוח אורך חיים של ממברנה בתעשיה

סתיו תשנ"ד11 Comparison of membrane module geometries

סתיו תשנ"ד12 Membrane Feed-water Q F C F Permeate Q P C P Concentrate Qc Cc P Q F = Q P + Qc Q F *C F = Q P *C P + Qc*Cc Recovery = (Q P /Q F )*100 [%] Rejection = (1-C P /C F )*100 [%] מאזני חומר בתהליך מונע לחץ עמוד 76

סתיו תשנ"ד13 יחס השבה (recovery, stage cut ) Q f, QrQr QpQp

סתיו תשנ"ד14 ניצולת (YIELD ) : שבר של מרכיב המוצר שמושב בזרם המוצר

סתיו תשנ"ד15 Each unit operation Principle of operation Flux equation and selectivity Materials and modules usually used Applications at least one: –description of feed, concentrate and permeate –Operating costs, energy, area required RO, NF, ED, UF/MF, PV

סתיו תשנ"ד16 1 bar = 10 5 N/m 2 = 10 5 pascal = 100 Kpa = 14.5 psi A = angstrom =  m = m Typical size of materials separated Pollen100 m  Starch 10 m  Bacteria1 m  Virus 0.05 m  Albumin 100 A Glucose10 A Na +, Cl - 1 A עמוד 78

סתיו תשנ"ד17 Membrane processes

סתיו תשנ"ד18 Osmosis Equilibrium Reverse osmosis  P  o Osmotic pressure Applied Pressure  P  o  Pa Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline אוסמוזה ואוסמוזה הפוכה עמוד 77

סתיו תשנ"ד19 משואות שטף של תהליכים ממברנליים RO, NF MF, UF GS, PV ED

סתיו תשנ"ד20 ביטויים לסלקטיביות: Liquid separations (RO, NF) R = 1 - Cp/Cf Liquid separations (UF/MF) Gas separations and pervaporation Electrodialysis t j = I j /I t

סתיו תשנ"ד21 תהליכי הפרדה במים מונעי לחץ

סתיו תשנ"ד22 RO/NF Membranes: –RO – polyamide (TFC), cellulose acetate (asymmetric) –NF – same, + polypiperazine, PVA Modules: –RO – SW, PF (special) –NF – SW, PF (special), HF (new development) Selectivities: –R(NaCl) = >98% RO, 20-90% (NF) –R(divalent)- >99% RO, >95% (NF) –MWCO – (NF)

סתיו תשנ"ד23 RO – NF - יישומים

סתיו תשנ"ד24 אלקטרודיאליזה Ion exchange membranes – AEM quaternary amines, CEM – carboxylates, sulfonates Plate and frame stacks

סתיו תשנ"ד25 Product water Brine Anode Cathode Cation Permeable membrane permeable m embrane Saline feed water A AA C CC אלקטרו-דיאליזה Anion Cation עמוד 77

סתיו תשנ"ד26 משואות שטף של תהליכים ממברנליים RO, NF MF, UF GS, PV ED

סתיו תשנ"ד27 ביטויים לסלקטיביות: Liquid separations (RO, NF) R = 1 - Cp/Cf Liquid separations (UF/MF) Gas separations and pervaporation Electrodialysis t j = I j /I t

סתיו תשנ"ד28 אלקטרודיאליזה, המשך

סתיו תשנ"ד29 אנרגיה סגולית של תהליך Pressure driven processes (filtration) Electrically driven process

סתיו תשנ"ד30 + means preferred process with respect to this issue

סתיו תשנ"ד31 Desalination technologies: Relative advantages/disadvantages

סתיו תשנ"ד32 תהליכי הפרדה במים מונעי לחץ

סתיו תשנ"ד33 אולטרה-פילטרציה UF, מיקרופילטרציה - MF Membrane materials – polysulfone, PVDF, PAN, polyolefins, ceramics Membrane structure – asymmetric (UF), asymmetric or symmetric (MF) Module geometries – HF (0.8 – 1.1 mm ID), SW, P&F Operational modes – deadend or semi-deadend (drinking water, MBR), crossflow (process) Applications – bioseparations - cell harvesting (MF), protein concentration and purification (UF), dye and textile reagent recovery, food processing – whey protein concentrate (UF), clarification and cold sterilization of beverages (MF

סתיו תשנ"ד34 משואות שטף של תהליכים ממברנליים RO, NF MF, UF GS, PV ED

סתיו תשנ"ד35 ביטויים לסלקטיביות: Liquid separations (RO, NF) R = 1 - Cp/Cf Liquid separations (UF/MF) Gas separations and pervaporation Electrodialysis t j = I j /I t

סתיו תשנ"ד36 מי – שתיה: מזהמים מיקרו-אורגניזמים: חיידקים, ציסטות מפרוטוזואה (ג'יררדיה, קריפטוספורידיום) וירוסים DBP - תוצרי לואי מחיטוי – סילוק חומרים אורגניים – חומצות הומיות חומרים אורגניים נדיפים חומרי הדברה מתכות כבדות מלחים

סתיו תשנ"ד37 בחירת תהליך לטיפול במים From National Drinking Water Clearinghouse

סתיו תשנ"ד38 From National Drinking Water Clearinghouse

סתיו תשנ"ד39 סיווג תהליכים לפי המזהם שהם מסלקים

סתיו תשנ"ד40 Applications of membrane processes

סתיו תשנ"ד41 Heavy metal containing stream Precipitation Metal ppt. Permeate Water Microfiltration Surfactant /Polymer Recycle Surfactant or Polymeric Chelates Added Permeate Water Break Complex Metals Ultrafiltration Dilute Waste; Waste Containing HighNaCl, or MetalChelate Permeate Containing High NaCl Conc. Metal Nanofiltration RO Conc. Metals Permeate for Recycle Functionalized Sorbent Recovered Solid or Liquid by Regeneration High Quality Permeate ED Ion Free Water Concentrated Metals Various Membrane-Based Processing Schemes for Metal Recovery and Water Reuse From D.B.Bhattacharyya et al., Eng Foundation Conference.