The Role of the Universities In the Millennium Villages Project Jeffrey D. Sachs June 5, 2006

Severe malaria

FAO/GIEWS: Africa Report No.3 - December 2005 p.2 MAP OF COUNTRIES REQUIRING URGENT EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE COUNTRIES REQUIRING URGENT EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE (Total: 27 countries) Since conditions can change rapidly, and published information may not always represent the most up-to-date basis for action, enquiries or corrections should be directed to Henri Josserand, Chief, Global Information and Early Warning Service (ESCG), FAO, Rome (Fax: , FAO/GIEWS - December Jeffrey D. Sachs Director, The Earth Institute at Columbia University 314 Low Library, MC West 116th Street New York, NY (212) (212) Fax FAO/GIEWS December 2005

CORRUPTION LEVELS COMPARABLE TO ASIA Increasing CorruptionDecreasing Corruption Economic Growth Africa Asia Ghana China Senegal Rwanda India Mali TanzaniaMalawi Vietnam Uganda Cambodia Ethiopia Indonesia Kenya Pakistan Nigeria Bangladesh

THREE GREAT CHALLENGES Green Revolution Health Revolution Connectivity Revolution

GREEN REVOLUTION: Seed, Soils, Water, Climate, Pathogens

The Yield Gap Reported Grain yield levels Some observations from sub-Saharan Africa

Per Hectare Fertilizer Use by Markets 2002/03 (kg/ha)

Nutrient Mining in Agricultural Lands of Africa 1995–972002–04 kg/ha

HEALTH REVOLUTION: Infectious disease control, human resources, public awareness, logistics

Malaria Ecology Index

Sub-Saharan Africa has the Highest Prevalence of Nine Neglected Tropical Diseases ConditionCases in AfricaProportion of Global Burden in Africa Hookworm198 million27%-34% Ascariasis173 million14%-22% Schistosomiasis166 million89% Trichuriasis162 million20%-26% Trachoma 33 million40% Lymphatic Filariasis 46 million38% Onchocerciasis 18 million99% Trypanosomiasis 0.5 million100% Dracunculiasis<0.1 million100%

Geographic Overlap of Hookworm and Malaria

CONNECTIVITY REVOLUTION: Roads, rail, ports, telecommunications, internet

A Comparison of Railway Networks in Africa and India

THE ECONOMIC STRATEGY Rural Sector: Millennium Villages Urban Sector: Millennium Cities Demographic Transition

Rural Sector Community-led development through Millennium Villages

Urban Development Promote global competitiveness in urban areas Millennium Cities Project

Demographic Transition: Total Fertility Rate below 3.0 by 2015 Maternal empowerment, girls’ education, Child survival, contraceptive availability, Family planning

MILLENNIUM VILLAGES A NEW STRATEGY TO END EXTREME POVERTY IN AFRICA THROUGH COMMUNITY-BASED DEVELOPMENT

Income per capita Basic Needs Level AfricaAsia Dissaving Saving Poverty TrapSelf-Sustaining Growth COMPARATIVE GROWTH DYNAMICS OF AFRICA AND ASIA

The Strategy for Ending Extreme Poverty Millennium Villages: Raise Farm Incomes and Household Saving Introduce Microfinance Introduce Contract Farming Reduce Population Growth Rates Bolster Urban Demand and Jobs Based on Millennium Village Successes: Scale Up

Yield (tons per hectare) Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia Africa Has (So Far) Missed the Green Revolution

CROP YIELDS CURRENT CRISIS MILLENNIUM VILLAGES DECLINING SOIL NUTRIENTS, UNSTABLE CLIMATE, MONOCULTURE REBUILDING SOIL NUTRIENTS, RAINWATER HARVESTING, CROP DIVERSIFICATION Raising Farm Incomes A “Green Revolution” Economic Surplus

Area planted to Food Area planted to Food cash crops Area planted To cash crops Food production Cash crop production Area Planted to Food Declines, While Food Production Rises Food production Cash crop production

Contract Farming (some examples) Nestle (dairy) Carrefour Land o’ Lakes Rosebud (cut flowers) Starbucks Arachide de Bouche (peanuts) ITC South African Breweries Guiness Nigeria PLC (sorghum)

Agribusiness Development Steps : Identify potential commodities and markets Agronomic expertise Community Organization Discussions with potential international buyers and investors Millennium Cities initiative to create business-friendly environment Millennium Project policy discussions with national government Sanitary and phyto-sanitary conditions Infrastructure: storage, electricity, road transport Assistance with contract negotiations Assistance with venture capital financing and management

Cut flowers Vegetables: asparagus, broccoli, peas, fine beans, Brussels sprouts, artichoke Fruits: pineapple, mango, watermelon, passion fruit, papaya Spices: vanilla, cardamom, peppers Cane sugar Ethanol from cane sugar Cotton Dairy Honey Starch Cocoa Coffee Peanuts Cashews Wood pulp Carbon sequestration offsets Examples of Opportunities for Contract Farming

Rosebud Corporation: Located on the shores of Lake Victoria, two rose-growing farms have a total land area of over 600 acres. The farms are both within 30 minutes of Entebbe International Airport.

Blue Skies, Ghana in Partnership with Royal Ahold, Netherlands

The Health Strategy: Disease Prevention and Health Promotion through: Insecticide-treated bed nets Improved water points and sanitation AIDS awareness Micronutrient supplementation De-worming School feeding Antenatal Care Reproductive health services Disease Treatment through clinical services for: Malaria Tropical parasites Diarrheal disease Respiratory infection AIDS treatments including Antiretrovirals DOTS for TB Safe delivery

BEFORE AND AFTER THE MILLENNIUM VILLAGE PROJECT REDUCED MORTALITY, FERTILITY, AND POPULATION GROWTH MORTALITY FERTILITY POPULATION GROWTH

Sector ODA Per African Per Annum: Recommended versus Current Source: OECD DAC, 2003 Note: ODA net of Technical Cooperation

Scaling Up the Millennium Villages: Proving Success in 2006 From 100 Villages in 2006 to 1,000 Villages in 2007, through NGO Partnerships Millennium Villages at the G8 in 2007 Mobilizing Official and Private Donor Support during

Donor Costs Needed for Scaling up the Millennium Villages $60 per capita x 500,000,000 rural poor = additional $30 billion per year U.S. part: approximately (1/2) x $30 billion = $15 billion per year Needed overall U.S. aid to Africa = approximately $25 billion per year

If we fail to act: 8 million Africans will die each year of preventable or treatable causes Africa’s poverty will worsen War, violence, and threats of terror will escalate The population in Africa will soar Global disease transmission will be much more likely U.S. energy security will be imperiled Environmental degradation will accompany rapid population growth

Sector ODA Per African Per Annum: Recommended versus Current Source: OECD DAC, 2003 Note: ODA net of Technical Cooperation

Defense $550 billion Aid to Africa $4 billion Aid to Africa $25 billion Defense Investing in our National Security CurrentFor a safer America