Chapter 8 – Groups Part 2: Oct. 22, 2010

Group Performance Process loss can reduce group perf. –How? –Brainstorming example –

Group Polarization Group discussion strengthens members’ initial attitudes  polarization Typical Group Study: –What is the procedure/method? Found ‘risky shift’ effect – what is it?

1. Groups pool ideas that favor dominant viewpoint. –How does this work? 2. Social Comparison – what is the effect?

Groupthink Janis’ 1972 research – analyzed historical group decisions –Pearl Harbor, Bay of Pigs Recent examples? Groupthink – tendency of groups to repress dissenting opinions in favor of group harmony and cohesion.

Symptoms of Groupthink 1. Illusion of Invulnerability 2. Belief in Group’s Moral Superiority Symptoms 1 & 2 combine  3. Rationalization 4. Stereotypes of Opponents Symptoms 3 & 4 combine 

5. Pressure to Conform – 6. Self-Censoring – 7. Illusion of Unanimity – 8. Mindguarding –

Reducing Groupthink Solutions focused on leadership – Solutions focused on decision making – Solutions focused on group members -

Improving Group Performance Through goal setting – –What types of goals work best? Through technology – –What decision making methods work well? Through diversity – –Distinguish betw short-term & long-term outcomes: