The Stuff of the Universe What is nature “made of”? Horsehead nebula in Orion

Matter & Energy

Phases of Matter Solid Gas Liquid Determined by temperature and pressure

Rock

Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds Life, the Universe & Everything

Atomic Structure What are atoms made of? ParticleCharge Weight (amu) Proton (p) +1 Electron (e) -~0 Neutron (n) 01

Atomic Structure

Atomic Number = Number of Protons Importance of Protons

Elements Iron Carbon Gold

Periodic Table of the Elements

The most abundant element in the universe: Hydrogen Large Magellanic Cloud

Crust Whole Earth Oxygen(O)46.3 %29.5% Silicon (Si)28.2%15.2% Aluminum (Al)8.2%1.1% Iron (Fe)5.6%34.6% Calcium (Ca)4.1%1.1% Sodium (Na)2.4%0.6% Potassium (K)2.1%0.1% Magnesium (Mg)2.3%12.7% All others0.5%5.1% Abundance of the Elements (wt. %): Solid Earth

Abundance of Elements (%): Living Things Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3%

Atomic Weight = number of protons + neutrons Importance of Neutrons

Quiz - Lithium Atomic Number = Atomic Weight = 3 7

Isotopes

Determine how atoms bond to form Compounds Importance of Electrons

Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds Life, the Universe & Everything

Minerals

Carbon is found in all organic compounds Organic Compounds

Why Carbon? Small and Abundant 4th most abundant element in the Solar System Bonds with a lot of different atoms Forms lots of different organic compounds Forms long chains (polymers) Forms very strong bonds Hard to destroy Bonds “store” a lot of energy

Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 1. Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons))  Fats and Oils  cell membranes & energy storage 2. Carbohydrates - (C, H, O)  Sugars, Starches and Cellulose  energy storage & structure

Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 3.Amino Acids  Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)  Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions  also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc. 4. Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)  RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)  store & transfer genetic information

Energy: Types Kinetic Mechanical Electromagnetic Electricity Heat Potential Chemical Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Energy: Quality Low Quality High Quality (disorganized concentrated)

Energy: Units Joule (J) = Energy needed to lift 1 kg weight by 0.1 meter (about the energy to lift an apple over your head) calorie (cal) = Energy needed to heat 1 g water by 1°C (Note” Calories (Cal) in food are equal to 1000 calories (cal) 1 calorie = 4.2 joules (1 Calorie = 4200 joules)

Power Rate of energy use Watt (Joule/second) 100 W light bulb uses 100 joules of energy each second (200 Calorie candy bar would light bulb for 140 minutes)

3 Fundamental Laws of Nature Conservation of Matter 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Degradation of Energy) “You can’t thrown anything away” “You can’t get something for nothing” “In fact, you can’t even break even”