The Science of Digital Media Flat Panel Displays 7May Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Display Technologies Seminar

The Science of Digital Media Introduction FPD in general FED OLED PLED SED Conclusions 17 March Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Agenda Flat Panel Displays

The Science of Digital Media Flat Panel Displays 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 3 Flat Panel Displays Volatile Pixels are periodically refreshed to retain their state Refresh many times a second Otherwise image will fade from the screen Plasma, LCD, OLED, LED, ELD, SED and FED-displays Static Material with bistable color states No energy to maintain image needed, only to change Slow refresh state Deployment in limited applications Cholesteric displays, outdoor advertising, e-book products

The Science of Digital Media Field Emission Display 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 4 Flat Panel Displays Developed by Motorola and others during the 1990s Very similar to a CRT Utilizes an electron emitter which activates phosphors on a screen In CRT an electron gun scatters the charged particles Each FED pixel has its own corresponding electron source At first conical electron emitters (known as a "Spindt tip") – nowdays carbon nanotubes Electrons in a FED are not produced by heat

The Science of Digital Media FED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 5 Flat Panel Displays

The Science of Digital Media FED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 6 Flat Panel Displays Advantages More power efficient than LCD Less weight that same size LCD Fewer total components and processes involved Disadvantages Erosion of the emitters Extremely high vacuum required in order to operate Hard to manufacture for commercial use Production difficulties

The Science of Digital Media FED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 7 Flat Panel Displays First models inches. 1,280 x 960 resolution brightness of 400cd/m2 20,000:1 contrast ratio Sony’sField Emission Technologies, whose purpose was to develop the displays closed it doors in Reason mainly due to difficulty in raising funds for manufacturing.

The Science of Digital Media Organic Light-emitting Diode 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 8 Flat Panel Displays Developed by Eastman-Kodak Two types: small molecule OLED and polymer OLED A Layer of organic material is sandwiched between two conductors (an anode and a cathode) which are between seal and subsrate Electro-luminescent bright light is produced from the organic material when current is applied to the conductors

The Science of Digital Media OLED color 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 9 Flat Panel Displays Only pure colors expressed when an electric current stimulates the relevant pixels Primary color matrix arranged in red, green, and blue pixels, mounted directly to a printed circuit board Ambient light interference reduced with "micro-cavity” structure -> improves overall color contrast Organic layer adjusted for each color for strongest light Colors purified with color filter without the need for polarizer -> outstanding color purity.

The Science of Digital Media OLED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 10 Flat Panel Displays Source:

The Science of Digital Media How OLED is built Source: OLED production VS. LCD production

The Science of Digital Media PLED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 12 Flat Panel Displays Source:

The Science of Digital Media AM OLED = Active Matrix OLED device FOLED = Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC) OLED = Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/Display PhOLED = Phosphorescent Oragnic Light Emitting Diode (UDC) PLED = Polymer Light Emitting Diode (CDT) PM OLED = Passive Matrix OLED device POLED = Polymer Oragnic Light Emitting Diode (CDT) RCOLED = Resonant Coloe Oragnic Light Emitting Diode SmOLED = Small Molecule Ogranic Light Emitting Diode (Kodak) SOLED = Stacked Oragnic Light Emitting Diode (UDC) TOLED = Transparent Oragnic Light Emitting Diode (UDC) Different OLED technologies

The Science of Digital Media OLED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 14 Flat Panel Displays Advantages Can be printed onto any suitable substrate with inkjet (PLED) Flexible displays Great artificial contrast ratio and color potential No need for a backlight Great viewing angle Fast response times Disadvantages Lifespan (especially blue) Color balance issues (due lifespan issues) Water damage Outdoor performance Power consumption Possible screen burn-in

The Science of Digital Media OLED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 15 Flat Panel Displays Samsung SDI exhibited a 40-inch OLED panel at the FPD International 2008 full HD resolution of 1920 x 1080 contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1 color gamut of 107% NTSC luminance of 200cd/m2 (peak luminance of 600cd/m2) Samsung shows 3D Panels at CES Sony shows 24.5-inch prototype OLED 3D television during the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2010.

The Science of Digital Media OLED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 16 Flat Panel Displays Source: DisplaySearch Q2,09 Quarterly OLED Shipment and Forecast Report

The Science of Digital Media Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 17 Flat Panel Displays Co-developed by Canon and Toshiba Corporation Very similar to a CRT Utilizes an electron emitter which activates phosphors on a screen The electron emission element is made from few nanometers thick electron emission film No electron beam deflector required Separate emitter for each color phosphor, 3/pixel or 1/sub-pixel

The Science of Digital Media SED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 18 Flat Panel Displays Source:

The Science of Digital Media SED vs. FED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 19 Flat Panel Displays The significant differences between SED (a) and FED (b) is in the electron source plate and the drive electronics Source: fed-tv-partii

The Science of Digital Media SED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 20 Flat Panel Displays Advantages The overall power efficiency about ten times better than a LCD of the same size Less complex than LCD Fast response time and high contrast ratio Wide viewing angle advantages over the FED in manufacturing state Disadvantages Potential screen burn-in Mass production difficulties

The Science of Digital Media SED 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 21 Flat Panel Displays Prototype p 55-inch models 450 nits of brightness 50,000:1 contrast ratio 1ms response time Mass production delayed due to lawsuits between Canon and Nano- Proprietary Inc concerning SED panel patent license agreement

The Science of Digital Media Future 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 22 Flat Panel Displays Some of the technologies have faded after the prototype phase OLEDs are the most promising Flexible displays Printing technology Printed vs non printed Rigid vs flexible Inorganic vs organic, Cost of materials vs process New technologies still in development

The Science of Digital Media Future 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 23 Flat Panel Displays Samsung Wave (Super- AMOLED) vs. Nokia X6 (TFT LCD capacitive touchscreen)

The Science of Digital Media Questions? Thank you! 17 March 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 24 Flat Panel Displays