Country overview slides Econ. 312/512

Population distribution by major world region, estimates & projections, 1800 -2050 (%) 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Europea 20 23.7 27.5 21.7 12.0 7 US, Canada, Australia, NZ 1 2.4 5.5 7.2 5 Latin America 2 2.5 4.1 6.6 8.6 9 Asiab 69 64.7 56.7 55.7 60.9 59 Africa 8 6.7 6.1 8.8 13.0 World (%) (billions) 100 (0.90) 100.0 (1.18) (1.56) (2.52) (6.05) (8.9) a. Including Russian Federation b. including Pacific Islands Sources: 1800, McEvedy & Jones (1978); 1850 and 1900, Maddison (1995)-1850estimates interpolated from Maddison’s time series: 1950, 2000 and 2050, United Nations (1999)- 1998 revision medium-variant projections.

The distribution of HIV/AIDS around the world, end of 2000 Region Adults & Children newly infected with HIV living with HIV/AIDS Adult HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rate Number % Sub-Saharan Africa 3,800,000 71.4 25,300,000 70.1 8.8 South & South-East Asia 780,000 14.6 5,800,000 16.1 0.6 Latin America 150,000 2.8 1,400,000 3.9 0.5 East Asia & Pacific 130,000 2.4 640,000 1.8 0.1 East. Europe & Central Asia 250,000 4.7 700,000 1.9 0.4 Caribbean 60,000 1.1 390,000 2.3 North Africa & Middle East 80,000 1.5 400,000 0.2 North America 45,000 0.8 920,000 2.5 Western Europe 30,000 540,000 Australia & New Zealand 500 0.0 15,000 Total 5,300,000 100 36,100,000

Average Annual Rate of Growth (%) 1980-90 Average Annual Rate of Growth of GDP per Capita, Exports, Inflation and Gross Domestic Investment for Latin American Countries from 1980 to 1990 (countries ranked by growth in GDP per capita). Average Annual Rate of Growth (%) 1980-90 Countries GDP/capita Exports Inflation Gross Investment 1. Chile 2.5 6.9 20.7 9.6 2. Columbia 1.7 7.5 24.8 0.5 3. Dominican Republic 0.9 4.5 21.6 3.7 4. Jamaica 0.8 5.4 18.6 -0.1 5. Brazil 0.7 284.0 0.2 6. Costa Rica 6.1 23.6 5.3 7. Uruguay -0.2 4.3 61.3 -7.8 8. Paraguay -0.5 12.2 24.4 -0.8 9. Ecuador 36.4 -3.8 10.Honduras -0.6 1.1 5.7 2.9 11.El Salvador -3.4 16.3 2.2 12.Venezuela -1.5 19.3 -5.3 13.Mexico -1.6 7.0 72.1 -3.1 14.Panama 1.9 --- 15.Argentina -1.9 3.8 389.8 -4.7 16.Guatemala -2.0 -1.8 14.6 17.Haiti -2.1 1.2 18.Bolivia -2.2 1.0 328.0 -9.9 19.Peru -2.5 1.6 231.3 -4.2 20.Nicaragua 422.6 Avg. for top 6 countries Avg. for middle 8 countries Avg. for bottom 6 countries 1.1 -0.9 -2.2 6.3 3.9 -0.9 21.9(w/o Brazil) 29.7 232.6 3.2 -2.2 -4.3

Average Annual Rate of Growth (%) 1990-98 Average Annual Rate of Growth of GDP per Capita, Exports, Inflation and Gross Domestic Investment for Latin American Countries from 1990 to 1998 (countries ranked by growth in GDP per capita). Note: (++) substantial positive reversal, (--) substantial negative reversal, (+) meaningful positive reversal, (-) meaningful negative reversal Average Annual Rate of Growth (%) 1990-98 Countries GDP/capita Exports Inflation Gross Investment 1. Chile 6.1 9.8 9.4 13.9 2. Peru (++) 3.9 8.2 33.7 11.3 3. Argentina (++) 3.8 9.3 10.0 12.5 4. Dominican Republic 3.4 20.4 10.6 11.8 Uruguay 3.1 8.0 40.4 8.3 6. El Salvador (+) 2.9 13.2 9.1 7.7 Panama 2.3 0.7 2.4 12.9 Columbia 2.0 6.8 21.7 13.6 9. Brazil 1.7 5.6 347.3 10.Costa Rica 1.6 8.7 17.4 2.8 11.Bolivia 1.5 6.7 6.9 12.Guatemala 1.2 7.2 11.5 3.7 13.Nicaragua (+) 0.9 67.7 14.Mexico 0.5 14.7 19.8 15.Ecuador (-) 4.4 32.7 4.2 16.Honduras (-) 0.3 2.2 20.8 17.Paraguay (-) -0.2 7.3 14.5 3.6 18.Venezuela (-) -0.5 49.7 19.Jamaica (--) -0.9 0.0 29.5 6.0 20.Haiti -4.9 -4.4 25.3 1.8 Avg. for top 6 countries Avg. for middle 8 countries Avg. for bottom 6 countries 3.9 1.5 -0.8 11.5 7.6 18.9 21.5(w/o Brazil) 28.9 10.9 7.0 4.8

Percentage Share of Income (Poorest and Richest 20% of the Population) High Inequality Countries Lowest 20% Highest 20% Brazil 2.2 64.1 Nicaragua 2.3 63.6 Paraguay 1.9 60.7 Colombia 3.0 60.9 Chile 3.3 61.0 Guatemala 3.8 60.6 Low Inequality Countries Finland 10.0 35.8 Czech Rep 10.3 35.9 Japan 35.7 Belarus 11.4 33.3 Slovakia 11.9 31.4 Source: World Resources 2002 - 2004 United States 4.8 45.2

Regional Characteristics Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific South Asia Latin America 2002 GDP/capita (in 1995 US$) 575 1047 486 4052 Average GDP/capita growth 1985 -1994 (%) -1.12 6.92 3.13 1.56 Average GDP/capita growth 1995 -2002 (%) 0.72 4.67 3.30 0.44 Adult illiteracy 2002 (%) 37 13 44 11 Population density 2002 29 116 293 26 % rural population 2002 67 62 72 24 Source: The World Bank World Development Indications (WDI) 2003

Democracy, Liberal Democracy, and “Free” States by Region (and Cultural Grouping), 1999 - 2000 Number of Countries Number of Democracies (% of total) “Free” States (% of total) Liberal Democracies (% of total) Western Europe and Anglophone states 28 28 (100%) Latin America and Caribbean 33 29 (88%) 20 (70%) 16 (48%) South America 12 11 (92%) 6 (50%) 4 (33%) East Central Europe and Baltic States 15 14 (93%) 10 (67%) 9 (60%) Former Soviet Union (less Baltics) 5 (42%) 4 (33%) * Asia (East, SE, South) 26 12 (46%) 8 (31%) 3 (12%) Pacific Island 11 10 (91%) 9 (82%) Africa (Sub-Sahara) 48 20 (42%) 16 (33%) * 8 (17%) 5 (10%) Middle East-North Africa 19 2 (11%) 1 (5%) Total 192 120 (63%) 115 (69%) * 85 (44%) 71 (37%) Arab Countries 16 Predominantly Muslim Countries 41 8 (20%) 5 (12%) * 1 (2%) Source: 1999 Freedom House survey; Journal of Democracy, January 2000, pp. 187-200 *Indicates a regime classification of the author that differs from that of Freedom House (FH). Freedom House rates Djibouti, the Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, Niger, and Sierra Leone as electoral democracies, but all five to have levels of coercion and fraud that make the electoral process less than free and fair. Other countries rated as electoral democracies have only dubiously democratic elections, including Russia, Nigeria, and Indonesia.

Major exports by country, 2000 Countries Product % of total exports Argentina Animal Feed Petroleum 9.01 8.93 Bolivia Zinc ore 11.7 Brazil* Iron Aircraft 5.61 5.30 Chile Copper 27.53 Colombia Petroleum 29.73 Costa Rica Machinery Parts 34.93 Dominican Republic Fruits 34.34 Ecuador 37.27 El Salvador Coffee 21.89 Guatemala 22.05 Honduras 33.72 Mexico Motor vehicles 9.49 Nicaragua 28.07 Panama 24.78 Paraguay Seeds for Oil 37.33 Peru Gold 18.26 Uruguay Meat 17.63 Venezuela 56.86 Source: UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics, 2002

(in current US $ billions) Rank Order of Size, Average Income Levels and Gini Indexes of Income Inequality for Major Asian Countries in 2002 Size of Population (in millions) Size of GDP (in current US $ billions) GDP per Capita (in 1995 constant US $) Gini Index 1. China 1,281 1,237.1 1. Singapore 27,254 42.6 2. India 1,048 515.0 2. Hong Kong 25,508 43.4 3. Indonesia 212 3. South Korea 476.7 14,280 31.6 4. Pakistan 145 4. Indonesia 172.9 4. Malaysia 4,811 49.1 5. Bangladesh 136 5. Hong Kong 161.5 5. Thailand 2,986 31.8 6. Vietnam 81 6. Thailand 126.4 6. Philippines 1,195 46.1 7. Philippines 80 7. Malaysia 95.1 7. Indonesia 1,060 30.3 8. Thailand 62 8. Singapore 87.0 8. Sri Lanka 891 34.4 9. Myanmar 49 9. Philippines 77.1 9. China 642 40.3 10. S. Korea 48 10. Pakistan 60.5 527 33.0 11. Nepal 24 11. Bangladesh 47.3 11. India 494 36.7 12. Malaysia 12. Vietnam 35.1 12. Laos 477 37.0 13. Sri Lanka 19 16.4 13. Mongolia 440 44.0 14. Cambodia 12 14. Nepal 5.5 14. Vietnam 412 36.1 15. Hong Kong 7 15. Cambodia 3.7 15. Bangladesh 396 16. Laos 6 1.7 16. Cambodia 325 40.4 17. Mongolia 2 1.3 17. Nepal 241 East Asia & Pacific 1,838 1,802.1 1,047 South Asia 1,401 655.0 486 Source: World Development Indicators database

Average Annual Rate of Growth 1980-90 (%) Average Annual Growth of GDP per Capita, Exports, Inflation, and Gross Domestic Investment for Major Asian Countries for the 1980s and 1990s (Countries and regions ranked by GDP per capita growth) Average Annual Rate of Growth 1980-90 (%) Country GDP/ Capita (1) Exp. (2) Infl. (3) Gross Inv. (4) 1. China 8.7 11.4 5.9 11.0 2. S. Korea 8.2 12.0 6.1 11.9 3. Thailand 14.1 3.9 9.4 4. Hong Kong 5.7 14.4 7.7 4.0 5. Singapore 4.9 10.8 2.2 3.7 6. Indonesia 4.3 2.9 8.5 7.0 7. India 8.0 6.5 8. Pakistan 3.2 8.4 6.7 9. Malaysia 2.7 10.9 1.7 2.6 10. Sri Lanka 0.6 11. Vietnam 2.5 --- 210.8 12. Nepal 2.0 11.1 1.8 13. Bangladesh 9.5 1.4 14. Mongolia -1.2 -1.6 15. Philippines -1.4 3.5 14.9 -2.1 Region % 1. East Asia 5.3 12.6 6.6 7.1 2. S.E. Asia 3.4 6.2* 4.1 3. South Asia 9.2 * without Vietnam Sources: World Development Reports 1997 and 1999, Average Annual Rate of Growth 1990-98 (%) Country GDP/ Capita (5) Exp. (6) Infl. (7) Gross Inv. (8) 1. China 10.0 14.9 9.8 13.4 2. Thailand 6.5 11.1 4.8 3. Vietnam 27.7 19.7 28.4 4. Singapore 6.0 13.3 2.5 5. S. Korea 5.3 15.7 5.1 6.3 6. Malaysia 13.2 4.5 10.8 7. Myanmar 5.0 8.8 24.2 13.0 8. India 4.3 12.1 7.5 5.9 9. Indonesia 4.2 8.6 12.5 4.4 10. Sri Lanka 4.0 9.0 5.8 11. Bangladesh 3.2 13.7 3.6 7.0 12. Hong Kong 2.8 9.5 6.4 8.9 13. Nepal 2.3 16.8 14. Pakistan 1.2 11.2 2.7 15. Philippines 1.1 11.0 8.5 16. Mongolia 0.5 --- 78.4 Region % 1. S.E. Asia 4.9 11.01 2. East Asia 4.6 7.1* 9.2 3. South Asia 3.0 6.2 5.5 * without Mongolia World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Absolute Poverty in the Developing World, 1998 Region or Country Group People below the Poverty Line a (%) Number of Poor People (millions) East Asia and Pacific 15.3 278.3 Europe and Central Asia 5.1 24.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 15.6 78.2 Middle East and North Africa 1.9 5.5 South Asia 40.0 522.0 Sub-Saharan Africa 46.3 290.9 Total 1198.9 Source: The World Bank World Development Report (WDR) 2001

Africa in the Early Twentieth Century

(in current US $ billions) Rank Order of Size, Average Income Levels and Gini Index (where available) of Income Inequality for Countries in Sub Saharan Africa in 2002 Size of Population (in millions) Size of GDP (in current US $ billions) GDP per Capita (in 1995 constant US $) Gini Index Nigeria 133 South Africa 104.2 1. Mauritius 4,537 Ethiopia 67 2. Nigeria 45.5 2. Gabon 4,405 3. Dem Rep Congo 54 3. Sudan 13.5 3. Botswana 4,233 63 4. South Africa 44 4. Kenya 12.1 4,183 59 5. Tanzania 35 5. Ivory Cost 11.7 Namibia 2,412 71 6. Sudan 32 Angola 11.4 6. Swaziland 1,528 61 7. Kenya 31 7. Tanzania 9.4 7. Congo Rep 803 8. Uganda 23 8. Cameroon 9.0 8. Ivory Cost 712 37 9. Ghana 20 9. Zimbabwe 8.3 Cameroon 711 48 10. Mozambique 18 10. Ethiopia 6.0 10. Guinea 628 40 11. Ivory Cost 17 11. Ghana 11. Senegal 41 12. Cameroon 16 12. Uganda 5.9 12. Angola 598 13. Madagascar 13. Dem Rep Congo 5.7 13. Lesotho 577 56 14. Angola 14 14. Botswana 5.2 14. Zimbabwe 522 57 15. Zimbabwe 13 15. Gabon 5.0 15. Benin 435 16. Burkina Faso 12 16. Senegal 16. Ghana 432 17. Niger 17. Madagascar 4.5 17. Zambia 410 53 Sub-Saharan Africa 688 318.6 575 Source: World Development Indicators database

Average Annual Growth of GDP per Capita, Exports, Inflation, and Gross Domestic Investment for Major Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa for the 1980s Positive GDP/Cap Growth Countries Average Annual Rate of Growth 1980-90 (%) Country GDP/ Capita (1) Exp. (2) Infl. (3) Gross Inv. (4) Botswana 8.2 10.6 13.6 -- Mauritius 5.3 10.4 9.5 10.2 Swaziland 3.8 14.4 13.8 Lesotho 1.6 4.1 6.9 Burundi 3.4 4.4 4.5 Chad 1.4 6.5 2.9 19.0 7. Burkina Faso 1.1 -0.4 3.3 8.6 Angola 1.0 3.7 5.9 -6.8 Kenya 0.8 4.3 9.1 10. Uganda 0.7 1.8 104.0 9.6 11. Cameroon 0.5 5.6 -2.7 12. Congo, Rep. 5.1 -11.9 13. Mali 0.4 4.8 5.4 14. Senegal 0.3 3.9 15. Zimbabwe 0.1 11.6 1.3 16. Benin -2.4 -6.2 17. Mozambique 38.3 -2.5 Sources: World Development Reports 1998/99 and B. Negative GDP/Cap Growth Countries Average Annual Rate of Growth 1980-90 (%) Country GDP/ Capita (5) Exp. (6) Infl. (7) Gross Inv. (8) 18. Ghana -0.3 2.5 42.1 4.5 19. Rwanda -0.5 3.4 4.0 3.7 20. Guinea -- 21. Ethiopia -0.8 2.4 4.6 3.5 22. Mauritania -0.9 3.6 8.4 -4.1 23. South Africa -1.0 1.9 14.9 -4.8 24. Malawi 14.6 -2.8 25. Tanzania -1.2 -1.5 25.1 26. Sudan 0.9 31.3 27. Togo -1.4 0.1 4.8 2.9 28. Nigeria 16.7 -8.6 29. Namibia -0.1 13.9 11.9 30. Sierra Leone 2.1 64.0 -6.5 31. Congo Dem Rep -1.7 9.6 62.9 32. Madagascar -1.8 17.1 4.9 33. Cent Afr. Rep -2.0 7.9 1.8 34. Zambia -2.2 -3.4 42.2 -2.7 35. Gabon 3.0 -4.6 36. Ivory Cost -2.9 2.8 -28.8 37. Niger -3.2 -5.9 Sub Saharan Africa 10.5 -4.0 1999/2000, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Average Annual Growth of GDP per Capita, Exports, Inflation, and Gross Domestic Investment for Major Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa for the 1990s Positive GDP/Cap Growth Countries Average Annual Rate of Growth 1990-98 (%) Country GDP/ Capita (1) Exp. (2) Infl. (3) Gross Inv. (4) Lesotho (++) 5.0 11.1 7.7 Uganda (++) 4.2 16.1 15.3 10.0 Mauritius 3.9 5.5 6.2 0.4 Ethiopia (++) 2.7 9.0 7.9 15.4 Botswana (--) 2.3 4.9 10.3 2.0 Guinea 2.6 5.9 5.7 Chad 3.7 7.3 18.6 Benin 1.7 3.3 10.1 4.6 Mozambique 14.8 41.3 8.9 10. Sudan 94.5 -- 11. Mauritania 1.6 -2.3 4.0 12. Ghana 1.4 10.2 28.6 2.8 13. Malawi 1.1 4.7 32.8 -8.0 14. Mali 0.9 9.2 1.5 15. Namibia 0.8 5.4 9.5 4.1 16. Burking Faso 0.7 -0.8 6.6 17. Ivory Cost 4.5 8.7 18.0 18. Senegal 6.1 2.2 19. Swaziland (--) 0.2 9.7 12.8 (++) = substantial improvement from previous decade (--) = substantial deterioration from previous decade Sources: World Development Reports 1998/99 and B. Negative GDP/Cap Growth Countries Average Annual Rate of Growth 1990-98 (%). Country GDP/ Capita (5) Exp. (6) Infl. (7) Gross Inv. (8) 20. Gabon -0.1 4.7 9.8 1.2 21. Nigeria 5.2 38.6 8.0 22. Tanzania 10.9 24.3 -2.3 23. South Africa 5.1 3.4 24. Zimbabwe -0.4 8.9 22.4 4.5 25. Kenya -0.5 2.7 9.1 4.3 26. Cent Afr Rep -0.7 14.3 5.4 -5.4 27. Togo -0.8 0.8 8.8 12.6 28. Niger -1.4 -0.2 6.8 4.4 29. Madagascar -1.5 1.3 22.1 0.4 30. Zambia -1.8 2.0 63.5 12.1 31. Congo Rep -1.9 4.9 7.1 4.1 32. Cameroon (--) -2.4 6.1 -1.6 33. Rwanda (--) -3.5 -9.8 18.4 -3.9 32. Angola (--) 5.9 921.1 33. Burundi (--) -5.9 0.1 12.2 -16.1 34. Sierra Leone(--) -7.2 -9.4 32.5 -13.3 35. Congo Dem Rep (--) -8.3 -5.5 1423.1 Sub Saharan Afr. 4.6 12.0 4.2 1999/2000, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

The Spread of HIV in Africa 1986 2001 Source: UNAIDS