Cyrus W. Field was the driving force in America; on the British side it was Charles Bright and brothers John and Jacob Brett.

The Cold War ARPA Created In 1957 this satellite called Sputnik motivated President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the United Stated government to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency. (ARPA)

James R. Killian, Jr. Then MIT President became Presidential Assistant for Science. And helped established an agency called Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). This organization united some of America's most brilliant people. Their goal was to establish the United States lead in science and technology applicable to the military. ARPA ARPA was as unique as its role, reporting directly to the Secretary of Defense and operating in coordination with but completely independent of the military research and development (R&D) establishment. ARPA's mission has been to assure that the U.S. maintains a lead in applying state-of-the-art technology for military capabilities and to prevent technological surprise from her adversaries.

The Race to the Moon NASA took over ARPA President John F. Kennedy On May 25, 1961 Kennedy declared, "...I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."

Many years ago the great British explorer George Mallory, who was to die on Mount Everest, was asked why did he want to climb it. He said, "Because it is there."      Well, space is there, and we're going to climb it, and the moon and the planets are there, and new hopes for knowledge and peace are there. And, therefore, as we set sail we ask God's blessing on the most hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked. Click on picture

Packet Switching July 1961 July 61 First paper on Packet switching. Leonard Kleinrock http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/geek_glossary/packet_switching_flash.html

Who’s Your Daddy? Packet Switching Inventors Leonard Kleinrock Paul Baran Donald Davies

Dr. Jack Ruina 60’s Style WAR and PEACE Vannevar Bush Raython Co-Founder Lincoln Labs Dr. Jack Ruina 1961, director of ARPA Original mission was to build a survivable network built on cross country radar system. the “SAGE “ Semi-Automatic Ground Environment In 1962, hired J.C.R. Licklider To head ITPO Funded University Research Funded Larry Roberts

MIT Visionary Psychologist that saw the potential of the Intergalactic network. 1962 Came from Bolt, Beranek and Newman, (BBN) in Cambridge, MA. 1st to head up IPTO Information Techniques Processing Office Continued large contracts to universities, as well as high powered Labs. Laid foundations for the ARPANET Had the vision. But, no clue how to build it. Saw that Larry Roberts was the “Answer” JRC Licklider “Lick” Headed up IPTO

Believed in Licklider concept and funded the first Network research. Like Licklider he tried to hire Larry Roberts from MIT to IPTO Funded Roberts in first program that used POTS to send packets from TX-1 at MIT to Tom Merrill’s Q-32 in California UCLA. Sutherland's program enabled the creation of the field of computer graphics that has led to all the graphical displays available today. Air traffic control. Ivan Sutherland 2nd head of ARPA’s IPTO

BobTaylor 3rd Head of ARPA’s IPTO 1966 Robert Taylor became director of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), Because of duplicate work being done at ARPA funded institutions, and because the institutions were always asking for newer and better (more expensive) computers. Roberts decided that ARPA should link these institutions together, and save money. Both Sunderland and Taylor tried to hire Roberts When Roberts refused they appealed to Charlie Hertzfeld who put pressure on the director at Lincoln Labs who convinced Roberts to take the ARPA job. Got Hertzfeld to agree to uncontrolled funding of the network experiment. BobTaylor 3rd Head of ARPA’s IPTO

The Man with the plan 1964 met with JCR Licklider, Licklider’s vision sparks Roberts to undertake the creation and implementation of the internet After much resistance Roberts begins the design of the ARPANET. The APRANET as proposed to congress by Roberts was to explore computer resource sharing and packet switched communications. It had Nothing to do with nuclear war, or survivability. Reliability was one of the key network issues that Dictated packet switching. Lawrence Roberts 4rd head of ARPA’s IPTO

MIT Visionary Psychologist that saw the potential of the Intergalactic network. 1962 Came from Bolt, Beranek and Newman, (BBN) in Cambridge, MA. 1st to head up IPTO Information Techniques Processing Office Continued large contracts to universities, as well as high powered Labs. Laid foundations for the ARPANET Had the vision. But, no clue how to build it. Saw that Larry Roberts was the “Answer” JRC Licklider “Lick” 5th Director Back as head in 1973

ARPA 1957 DARPA 1972 ARPA 1993 DARPA 1996 DARPA - On March 23, 1972, by DoD Directive, the name was changed to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). DARPA was established as a separate defense agency under the Office of the Secretary of Defense. ARPA - On February 22, 1993, DARPA was redesignated the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) -- as the agency was known before 1972. The change was outlined in President Bill Clinton's strategy paper, "Technology for America's Economic Growth, A New Direction to Build Economic Strength.“ DARPA - On February 10, 1996, Public Law 104-106, under Title IX of the Fiscal Year 1996 Defense Authorization Act, directed an organizational name change to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).