King Saud University College of nursing Master program

Objectives At the end of this session the students will be able to: Identify five major categories of learning. Synthzies learning tasks for intellectual skills & organized in a hierarchy according to complexity. Discuss nine instructional events. Apply principles of conditions of learning.

Out lines:- Overview Major categories of learning Instructional events & corresponding of the theory. Application of nine instructional events. Principles of learning theory Conclusion

Overview: According to Gagne's theory, it is important for teachers to understand the conditions of learning in order to teach new concepts to all different types of learners.

This theory stipulates that there are several different types or levels of learning. The significance of these classifications is that each different type requires different types of instruction.

Cognitivism Has its roots in cognitive psychology & Information Processing Theory. Information Processing Theory emphasizes the identification of the internal processes of learning

The best way to introduce this theory is through Gagne's model which describes the set of factors that influence learning and that collectively may be called the conditions of learning. They include internal as well as external conditions that shape the learning processes

So the focus of the theory is on intellectual skills So the focus of the theory is on intellectual skills

Verbal information Intellectual skills Cognitive strategies Motor skills Attitudes Gagne identifies five major categories of learning (Conditions of Learning)

Verbal information: The kind of information that we are able to state; declarative knowledge. Intellectual skills: Processes that allow the individual to interact with their environment. –These include reading, writing, mathematics, to advanced science and engineering; procedural knowledge.

Cognitive strategies: Capabilities that govern the individual ’ s own learning, remembering, and thinking behavior. –Learning to learn strategies, – For example elaboration strategies, practical strategies, organizational strategies, & comprehension monitoring strategies or what is often referred to as meta-cognition.

Metacognition: Students ’ knowledge about their own cognitive processes, their ability to control these processes by organizing, monitoring, and modifying them as a function of learning outcomes.

Psychomotor skills: Coordinated muscular movements, e.g. walking, drawing, Psychomotor skills must be practiced to be learned. Injection --- Attitudes: Mental state that predisposes a learner to choose to behave in a certain way.

8-Problem solving & 7-Rule application 6-Concept information 5-Discriminations 4-Use of terminology 3-Procedure following 2 -Response generation 1-Stimulus recognition Tasks for intellectual skills can be organized in a hierarchy according to complexity

Nine instructional events &corresponding cognitive processes: (1) Gaining attention (Reception) (2) Informing learners of the objective (Expectancy) (3) Stimulating recall of prior learning (Retrieval) (4) Presenting the stimulus (Selective perception) (5) Providing learning guidance (Semantic encoding) (6) Eliciting performance (Responding) (7) Providing feedback (Reinforcement) (8) Assessing performance (Retrieval) (9) Enhancing retention and transfer (generalization) Gagne's nine events of instruction:

B) Practical Application Gagne ’ s nine instructional events and corresponding cognitive processes can serve as the basis for designing instruction and selecting appropriate media. In applying these instructional events, Kearsley. suggests keeping the following principles in mind ………..!!!!!!

1.Learning hierarchies define a sequence of instruction. 2. Learning hierarchies define what intellectual skills are to be learned. 3. Different instruction is required for different learning outcomes.

Lesson Example Instructions Shows an example diagram & Asks learners questions about diagramming. 1. Gaining Attention Teacher says, "Today I am going to show you how to use a multimedia presentation." 2. Informing the Learner of the Objective For this particular group of learners, they have learned previously about Mind Mapping. Teacher associates this knowledge with lesson at hand. 3. Stimulating Recall of Prior Learning Teacher gives students step -by-step discussion group4. Presenting the Stimulus Teacher demonstrates how to create a diagram on the video projection screen/TV monitor. 5. Providing Learner Guidance

Teacher asks students to demonstrate tools6. Eliciting Performance Teacher gives immediate feedback to learners after eliciting responses. 7. Giving Feedback Assign a practice activity8. Assessing Performance Teacher asks learners to create activities9. Enhancing Retention & Transfer

Principles: 1.Different instruction is required for different learning outcomes. 2. Events of learning operate on the learner in ways that constitute the conditions of learning. 3. The specific operations that constitute instructional events are different for each different type of learning outcome. 4. Learning hierarchies define what intellectual skills are to be learned and a sequence of instruction.

Conclusion Gagne ’ s Conditions of Learning Theory is based on a hierarchy of intellectual skills organized according to complexity that can be used to identify prerequisites necessary to facilitate learning at each level. Instruction can be made more efficient by following a sequence of nine instructional events defined by the intellectual skills that the learner is required to learn for the specific task at hand.

References: Gagne, R. (1962). Military training and principles of learning. American Psychologist, 17, Gagne, R. (1985). The Conditions of Learning (4th ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Gagne, R. (1987). Instructional Technology Foundations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. Gagne, R. & Driscoll, M. (1988). Essentials of Learning for Instruction (2nd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Gagne, R., Briggs, L. & Wager, W. (1992). Principles of Instructional Design (4th Ed.). Fort Worth, TX: HBJ College Publishers.

Relevant Web Sites The following web sites provide further information about Gagne and his work: s/Gagne.htmhttp:// s/Gagne.htm Conditions of Learning: Gagne Robert Gagne's Instructional Design Approach 0/papers/robert.