What is Psychology? zThe science of behavior and the mind ybehavior - observable actions ymind - subjective experiences (thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives) yscience x an objective way to answer questions x based on observable facts / data and well described methods

What is Psychology? zA set of questions about mental functioning ytrace back to philosophy yAristotle asked about memory, personality, emotions, etc. zA set of theories and procedures for asking and answering questions ythe scientific method zA product of history yreligion, philosophy, physiology

Philosophical Developments zA Question: How are mind and body related? zDualism - body and soul are separate but interrelated yorigins in medieval religion ySoul: seat of thought and intellect ymind is product of soul xmind not subject to scientific inquiry yto challenge this was punishable by death y(compare to astronomy (Ptolemy vs. Copernicus, Galileo)

Philosophical Developments zRene Descartes ( ) ysince animals have no soul, much behavior does not require soul ythe body can therefore control much behavior xled him to study reflexes ythe soul’s main function is thought, a uniquely human attribute

Philosophical Developments zMaterialism: Thomas Hobbes ( ) yonly matter, energy exist ymind: product of brain (matter), thus subject to natural law zEmpiricism: Locke, Hume yknowledge and thought derive from sensory experience ythought not produced by free will but by experience zEmpiricism vs. Nativism aka Nature vs Nurture

Foundations of Modern Psychology zCharles Darwin ( ) zTheory of natural selection (1859) yviews traits in light of adaptive function zHumans are part/ product of nature and can be understood through the methods of science

Foundations of Modern Psychology zDarwin’s theory encouraged scientific inquiry of human behavior z19th century physiology yscientific methods, controlled laboratory experiments yinfluential beliefs from early physiology xreflexology - all human behaviors occur through reflexes xlocalization of brain function

Foundations of Modern Psychology zWilhelm Wundt ( ) yfirst psychology laboratory: Leibzig 1879 ystructuralism - identify ‘atoms’ of the mind xfocused on basic sensory and perceptual processes xmeasured reaction times

Other Pioneers zEdward Titchener ystructuralism, introspection zWilliam James yfunctionalism, introspection not method but source of ideas zMary Calkins, Christine Ladd-Franklin, Margaret Floy Washburn zMax Wertheimer yGestalt psychology yphi phenomenon: yhttp://psych.purdue.edu/Magniphi/SimpliPhi.html,

zJohn Watson yBehaviorism: S-R psychology (see reflexology) zB.F. Skinner yoperant psychology zKonrad Lorenz yethology: animal behavior in natural environment zKarl Lashley yneural basis of learning

zSigmund Freud ypsychoanalysis, unconscious mind zCarl Rogers, Abraham Maslow yhumanistic psychology: self-actualization drive zCultural and Social Psychology zCognitive Revolution ydeveloped from S-O-R behaviorists yaided by Piaget, Chomsky

Other Pioneers zAlfred Binet ( ) yFrench intelligence researcher ydeveloped first intelligence test zIvan Pavlov ( ) yRussian physiologist ydiscovered conditioned reflexes zB.F. Skinner ( ) yAmerican psychologist at Harvard ystudied learning and effect of reinforcement ybehaviorism

Perspectives zPerspective is a way of viewing phenomena zPsychology has multiple perspectives yethological ybiological ypsychoanalytic ycognitive ycross- cultural ysocial

Ethology zThe study of animal behavior in the natural environment rather than in a lab setting zInfluenced by Darwin and the emphasis on innate, adaptive behavior patterns zEuropean approach to studying behavior founded by animal researchers, Lorenz and Tinbergen

Biological Perspective zStudy the physiological mechanisms in the brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior zFocus may be at various levels yindividual neurons yareas of the brain yspecific functions like eating, emotion or learning zInterest in behavior distinguishes biological psychology from many other biological sciences

Clinical Perspective zView of behavior based on experience treating patients zPsychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud ) yboth a method of treatment and a theory of the mind ybehavior reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences ydrives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior yearly childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations

Clinical Perspective zView of behavior based on experience treating patients yHumanistic approach xdeveloped by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers xbehavior reflects innate ‘actualization’ xfocus on conscious forces and self perception yMore positive view of basic forces than Freud’s

Cultural Psychology zThe study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups zHow are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture? zWhat are the common elements across culture? Are these innate?

Cognitive Perspective zHow is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior ? zInfluences include yPiaget - studied intellectual development yChomsky - studied language yCybernetics - science of information processing

The Profession of Psychology zAmerican Psychological Association had 52 divisions in 1998 zSome represent areas of training and specialization (e.g., developmental, clinical) zSome are applied (i.e., teaching in psychology, psychology and the law)

Areas of Specialization zClinical yabnormal behavior and psychological disorders ypsychologist vs. psychiatrist zHealth psychology ypsychological factors in physical health zCounseling ydealing with normal life situations yprovide guidance Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% Clinical 36% Biological and Experimental 16% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% School 3% Counseling 10%

Areas of Specialization zDevelopmental ypsychological change over the life span ysocial, cognitive, personality zSchool ycounseling and guidance in school settings zEducational ylearning and teaching Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% Clinical 36% Biological and Experimental 16% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% School 3% Counseling 10%

Areas of Specialization zPsychobiology ybrain and behavior ystudied at many levels yoften uses animals as research model zExperimental ybasic laboratory focus yanimals or humans ylearning, memory, motivation zCognitive yexperimental yhuman memory, perception, etc. Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% Clinical 36% Biological and Experimental 16% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% School 3% Counseling 10%

Areas of Specialization zSocial ysocial influences on cognition and emotion yattitudes and beliefs zPersonality yindividual differences yperception by others zIndustrial/organizational ypeople and work yjob satisfaction ytraining and selection Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% Clinical 36% Biological and Experimental 16% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% School 3% Counseling 10%

Professional Work Settings zColleges and universities zClinical settings zElementary and secondary schools zBusiness zGovernment Private Practice Government Universities & College Business & Industry School Employment Settings of Psychologists