Social History of European Integration

The Meaning of “Social Europe” Employment and Workers’ Rights Employment and Workers’ Rights Health and Safety (Job-Related especially) Health and Safety (Job-Related especially) Free movement of persons Free movement of persons Related to Immigration Related to Immigration Women’s Issues Women’s Issues Equality in the Workplace Equality in the Workplace Environment Environment

Landmarks of EC/EU Social Policy Social Fund (Treaty of Rome 1958) Social Fund (Treaty of Rome 1958) Assimilated to Structural Fund Assimilated to Structural Fund Women’s Equal Pay/ Equal Treatment/ Social Security Directives ( ) Women’s Equal Pay/ Equal Treatment/ Social Security Directives ( ) Schengen Agreement (1985) Schengen Agreement (1985) The Social Charter (1992) The Social Charter (1992) Employment Policy (Amsterdam 1997) Employment Policy (Amsterdam 1997)

Hot Topics Immigration and Schengen Immigration and Schengen Worker Issues Worker Issues Wages and Benefits Wages and Benefits Trade Unions and Workers’ Participation Trade Unions and Workers’ Participation Environment Environment

The Story of Immigration First Phase: First Phase: Migration for temporary employment Migration for temporary employment Active recruitment (peak ) Active recruitment (peak ) Source of migrant labor: Mediterranean Source of migrant labor: Mediterranean European Mediterranean (southern Europe): Italy, Spain, Greece, Yugoslavia, Portugal European Mediterranean (southern Europe): Italy, Spain, Greece, Yugoslavia, Portugal North Africa and Turkey North Africa and Turkey

The Story of Immigration (cont’d-1) Second Phase: 1974 – early 1980s Second Phase: 1974 – early 1980s From temporary to permanent immigration From temporary to permanent immigration Restrictive measures by European governments Restrictive measures by European governments Temporary migrants from southern Europe return Temporary migrants from southern Europe return Temporary migrants from North Africa and Turkey settle and become permanent Temporary migrants from North Africa and Turkey settle and become permanent Family reunion (eg, wives join husbands) Family reunion (eg, wives join husbands) Feminization of immigrant population Feminization of immigrant population Immigrant communities emerge within Europe around mosques, schools, leisure and sports clubs, and political associations Immigrant communities emerge within Europe around mosques, schools, leisure and sports clubs, and political associations

The Story of Immigration (cont’d-2) Third Phase: mid-1980s – 1990s Third Phase: mid-1980s – 1990s Refugees and asylum-seekers Refugees and asylum-seekers “Illegals” “Illegals” Criminals of all kinds: drug-traffic, terrorists, common criminals Criminals of all kinds: drug-traffic, terrorists, common criminals

Schengen Agreements of 1985 and 1990 Agreements of 1985 and 1990 Originally Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Gerrmany Originally Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Gerrmany Currently all EU except Britain and Ireland Currently all EU except Britain and Ireland “Schengenland” “Schengenland” Freedom of movement within borders Freedom of movement within borders Common border policy for externals Common border policy for externals Cooperate in fight against crime Cooperate in fight against crime

Worker Issues in the EC/EU Unemployment dilemma since 1973 Unemployment dilemma since 1973 Underlying challenge of structural change: movement away from manufacturing economy and labor force Underlying challenge of structural change: movement away from manufacturing economy and labor force Immigrants become a threat Immigrants become a threat Differing National Policies Differing National Policies Working conditions, especially security of employment Working conditions, especially security of employment Industrial relations (worker-employer) Industrial relations (worker-employer) Benefits Benefits Worker participation in decision-making (core of “industrial democracy”) Worker participation in decision-making (core of “industrial democracy”)

Worker Issues (Cont’d-1) Britain, Germany, and France compared Britain, Germany, and France compared Britain Britain Wages set by collective bargaining (decentralized unions) Wages set by collective bargaining (decentralized unions) More employer freedom to hire and fire More employer freedom to hire and fire Minimal (no) worker participation Minimal (no) worker participation Strong health and safety protection for workers Strong health and safety protection for workers Germany Germany Social partnership preferred over adversarial relations between labor and management Social partnership preferred over adversarial relations between labor and management Thick layer of government-imposed protections for workers (especially job security) and worker benefits (“coddled”) Thick layer of government-imposed protections for workers (especially job security) and worker benefits (“coddled”) Strong participation of workers in decisions: codetermination Strong participation of workers in decisions: codetermination

Worker Issues (Cont’d-2) France France Tradition of ideological division among unions and ideological conflict with employers and government Tradition of ideological division among unions and ideological conflict with employers and government Weak unions, low membership rates Weak unions, low membership rates Weak worker participation in decisions Weak worker participation in decisions Strong protections, especially for families and women Strong protections, especially for families and women Differing “common policy” approach Differing “common policy” approach Britain: minimal common standards Britain: minimal common standards France and Germany: raise all to their costly levels France and Germany: raise all to their costly levels Some broader trends Some broader trends Challenge to welfare state and benefits from 1980s on, as too expensive and hindering competitiveness Challenge to welfare state and benefits from 1980s on, as too expensive and hindering competitiveness Decline of union power, either by design (Margaret Thatcher) or by declining membership and political appeal Decline of union power, either by design (Margaret Thatcher) or by declining membership and political appeal Europe (EC/EU) regarded as a new opportunity for workers: shift from anti-Europe to pro-Europe by many unions Europe (EC/EU) regarded as a new opportunity for workers: shift from anti-Europe to pro-Europe by many unions

Social Dimension/ Social Charter Follow-up to SEA Follow-up to SEA Social aspects or social implications of completing the Internal Market Social aspects or social implications of completing the Internal Market A level playing field for Internal Market competition, thus part of its implementation? A level playing field for Internal Market competition, thus part of its implementation? A protection against the “social costs” of market freedom? A protection against the “social costs” of market freedom? Inconsistent with the Internal Market? Inconsistent with the Internal Market?

Social Dimension/Charter (cont’d) Resistance led by Britain Resistance led by Britain Social Charter of the 11 Social Charter of the 11 Protocol to (rather than in body of) Maastricht Treaty on European Union (signed 1992) Protocol to (rather than in body of) Maastricht Treaty on European Union (signed 1992) Enables British “opt-out” Enables British “opt-out” Britain joins Social Charter in 1997 as part of body of Amsterdam Treaty Britain joins Social Charter in 1997 as part of body of Amsterdam Treaty

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