Class 2  Discuss calendar  Article list to be distributed on Tuesday (may have some readings on electronic reserve in future) – Data or theory?  Group reconfigurations?  Add to calendar: Grad article selection due 4/28/11  Finish American Tongues  Application 1  Some intro stuff Questions? Comments?

Class 2 Sociolinguistics  Like Pragmatics, it’s the study of the use of language  The study of language in its social contexts  Speech community - group of people who share some set of social conventions (socioling norms) regarding language use - EXAMPLES?  Accent - pronunciation  Dialect - includes pronunciation (phonological/phonetic), but also includes grammatical, lexical and usage - MFL exampleMFL example  Some examples of homophones for some -- hock/hawk, caller/collar, cot/caught, calm/com, Don/Dawn Socioling Slide 1

Class 2 Sociolinguistics  Dialects in North America are mutually intelligible - the differences do not impede communication totally  Dialect continuum – go village by village, from northwestern France to southern Italy and each adjacent village can understand each other, although Parisians cannot understand Romans. Socioling Slide 2

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  Social Factors:  REGION - what are the major dialects/accents spoken in America? REGION  Sex/Gender  Social class  Age  Ethnicity  Style Socioling Slide 3

Class 2 Sociolinguistics - region What are the different regional accents in your opinion? Socioling Slide 5

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change Socioling Slide 6

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change Socioling Slide 7

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change – cot vs. caught Socioling Slide 9

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  There are many different varieties - what is correct? Standard English is just one of many different varietieswhat is correct  Linguistics try to describe these varieties and all the varieties are equal in linguistics terms  What would happen if I said that Standard English meant that you have to distinguish between cot~caught, tot~taught, hock~hawk, Don~dawn, collar~caller? How would that make you feel?  Are other dialects mutually intelligible – here some sounds here from the Northern Cities area: Northern Cities Shift (not #5)Northern Cities Shift Socioling Slide 11

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  Regional difference is post-vocalic r (car, card, guard, etc)post-vocalic r  William Labov - NYC - listen to a New YorkerNYClisten to a New Yorker  Style – attitudes about varieties Socioling Slide 10 Remember this??? Coffee shop with a sign: “We’re sorry - no blended drinks today. The blender is broke.” This sign was in Portland area – where would you expect to see it (based on stereotypes – not your opinion if they’re real) [stereotypes based on class/education/income]

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  Style and ling change interacts with social class   William Labov’s department store study Socioling Slide 10b

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  Regional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time  Northern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3mins) Northern Cities Shift Chicago sample Socioling Slide 13*

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  Regional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time  Northern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3mins) Northern Cities Shift Chicago sample Socioling Slide 13

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  The Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2mins; play Eng 3mins;Arkansas 2minsEng 3mins Socioling Slide 14*

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  The Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2mins; play Eng 3mins;Arkansas 2minsEng 3mins Socioling Slide 14

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  The California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1:45; Ontario 2:15)CaliOntario 2:15 Socioling Slide 15

Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change  The California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1:45; Ontario 2:15)CaliOntario 2:15 Socioling Slide 15

Class 2 For next time: Read Wardhaugh Ch 1 and Ch 2