World Regional Geography February 22, 2010 Reading: Marston Chapter 5 Pages 210-238, 243-260 Goode’s World Atlas Pages 225-230 This Week: Map Quiz #2: Africa Next Week: Midterm Exam Introduction – North Africa & The Middle East

Sub-Saharan Africa Political Boundaries Physical Geography Physical Features & Major Landforms Climate Vegetation & Land Use Environmental Issues The Demographic Transition Human Geography Population Characteristics Culture & Ethnicity History Colonialism & Genocide

Political Boundaries

Physical Features

Major Landforms Plateau Continent Basins Highlands Rift Valley Ethiopian Fouta Djallon Cape Fold Drakensburg Rift Valley Tectonic activity Major rivers Congo Zambezi Victoria Falls Niger Orange Limpopo

Rainfall

Climate

Vegetation

Land Use & Agriculture Less than 30% arable land Shifting Cultivation Slash and burn Bush Fallow Intercropping Flood Plain Farming Pastoralism Transhumance

Resources & Regions West African Coast Southern Africa Petroleum Diamonds Gold

Environmental Issues Diseases Desertification Drought Poaching Elephants Ivory Rhinoceros

Diseases, Insects & Pests Affects People and Livestock Vectors: tsetse fly, mosquitoes, snails, worms Malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness, yellow fever, and intestinal parasites

Desertification Over-grazing Water-withdrawal Drought Food security

The Sahel

Demographic Transition Theory Demographic Transition: A Model of economic and cultural change to explain declining death rates, declining birth rates, and rising life expectancies in Western nations as they became industrialized. Proposed by Frank Notestein in the 1940s–1950s

Demographic Transition Model

Stage 1: Pre-industrial High birth rates No family planning Children need for agricultural labor Children provide family security Lower rates of child survivorship High death rates Disease and famine Lack of medical knowledge Poor hygiene and sanitation No population growth No countries are currently in this stage.

Stage 2: Transitional Birth rates remain high Death rates fall Decline in infant mortality Improved medical knowledge Improved sanitation Food security Increased connectivity Agriculture remains dominant economic activity Population growth begins and increases rapidly Examples: Afghanistan, Yemen, much of Central and West Africa

Stage 3: Industrial Birth rates fall Death rate reaches stability Empowerment of women Lower infant mortality = less pressure to have children Less need for agricultural labor Improved education Death rate reaches stability Urbanization and industrialization Population growth slows down Examples: Mexico, Indonesia, portions of North and Southern Africa

Stage 4: Post-Industrial Low birth and death rates Populations are high but growth is slow/stable Largely urban population Industrial / service economies Examples: United States, Canada, Australia, Northern Europe

A 5th Stage? (Decline) Characterized by negative natural increase Very low birth rates Economic success Education Decline in religious adherence Aging population Long-term low birth rates Population age-structure leads to slightly higher death rates Examples: Germany, Russia, much of Eastern Europe

Demographic Transition Theory Length of stages varies from country-to-country Size of population change (growth) depends on the length of time spent in stages 2 and 3. The lag between the initial fall in death rates and the subsequent fall in birth rates.

Demographic Transition Model

Stage 2: Mali 43 15 2.8 110 6.0 45 2 48 +117% 1,060 Country Birth Rate Death Rate NI (%) IMR TFR % <15 % >65 Mali 43 15 2.8 110 6.0 45 2 Country Life Expectancy Pop Chg (2050) % Urban GNI PPP (US$) Mali 48 +117% 1,060

Stage 3: Mexico 20 5 1.6 19 2.3 32 6 75 +18% 77 14,270 Country Birth Rate Death Rate NI (%) IMR TFR % <15 % >65 Mexico 20 5 1.6 19 2.3 32 6 Country Life Expectancy Pop Chg (2050) % Urban GNI PPP (US$) Mexico 75 +18% 77 14,270

Stage 4: Canada 11 7 0.4 5 1.6 17 14 81 +24% 36,220 Country Birth Rate Death Rate NI (%) IMR TFR % <15 % >65 Canada 11 7 0.4 5 1.6 17 14 Country Life Expectancy Pop Chg (2050) % Urban GNI PPP (US$) Canada 81 +24% 36,220

Stage 5: Germany 8 10 -0.2 3.9 1.3 14 20 80 -13% 73 35,990 Country Birth Rate Death Rate NI (%) IMR TFR % <15 % >65 Germany 8 10 -0.2 3.9 1.3 14 20 Country Life Expectancy Pop Chg (2050) % Urban GNI PPP (US$) Germany 80 -13% 73 35,990

Comparison Country Birth Rate Death Rate NI (%) IMR TFR % <15 % >65 Mali 43 15 2.8 110 6.0 45 2 Mexico 20 5 1.6 19 2.3 32 6 Canada 11 7 0.4 17 14 Germany 8 10 -0.2 3.9 1.3 Country Life Expectancy Pop Chg (2050) % Urban GNI PPP (US$) Mali 48 +117% 1,060 Mexico 75 +18% 77 14,270 Canada 81 +24% 36,220 Germany 80 -13% 73 35,990

Sub-Saharan Africa: Population Population of roughly 836 million 2.5% yearly growth (World: 1.2%) Doubling time of 25 years 1.15 billion by 2025 High fertility rate: 5.3% (World: 2.6%) Still primarily rural: 35% (World: 50%) Urbanizing rapidly

Population Density

Population Characteristics Projected Pop. Change (2050) Region Population (Millions) Birth Rate Death Rate Natural Increase (%) Net Migration Rate Projected Pop. Change (2050) West Africa 297 40 14 2.7 -1 +110% East Africa 313 13 2.6 +118% Central Africa 125 42 2.8 +144% Southern Africa 58 24 15 0.9 3 +17% Differences between Southern Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa Impact of HIV/AIDS Stage of development / demographic transition

Population Characteristics Region IMR TFR % Pop <15 % Pop >65 Life Expectancy Male Female West Africa 80 5.5 44 3 51 50 52 East Africa 76 5.4 Central Africa 95 6.1 45 49 Southern Africa 48 2.8 33 5 53 Region HIV/AIDS % % Urban GNI PPP (US$) West Africa 2.5 42 1,600 East Africa 5.6 22 1,030 Central Africa 41 1,650 Southern Africa 18.5 56 9,380

Sub-Saharan African Diaspora Out of Africa To Europe Brain drain Within Africa Search for work Circular migrations Refugees 4.5 million 1/3 of world total