Minerals and Vitamins Galen Erickson

Calcium and Phosphorus Chapter 5, 96 NRC pp Brief metabolism Importance Ca:P ratios Requirements, sources

CalciumDMIADGF:G Trial % change Trial % change Trial % change AVG of 5 trials (1&2 at Ibarn, 3,4,5 at feedlot) % change Performance-Ca (UNL)

SEP< DMI (lbs) NS ADG (lbs/d) G/F (ADG/DMI) FE n=30, limestone as only supplemental Ca source DMI (-2.1%); ADG (-10.9%); F:G (+8.8%) Performance-Ca

Faulty paradigms Ca:P ratio in bone (2.1:1) = requirement of diet P requirement =.35% young calves require same as typical feedlot cattle Phytate P is unavailable to feedlot cattle SUM ALL THEM, OVERFEEDING P

Ca:P ratios Wise et al. (1963, J Nutr.) Ca, % P, % Ca:P ADG DMI F:G Conclusion: Stay between 1.5:1 and 7:1 agrees with Ricketts et al., 1970 Problems with high Ca and high P? OPTIMUM = 2:1 to 4:1

Phosphorus Nutrition  NRC cites Ellenberger, 1950  Reasons for overfeeding ú extremely important metabolic nutrient ú monogastrics can’t utilize phytate ú previous work with small calves(< 500lbs) ú hard to measure, 80% of stores in bone

Phosphorus Nutrition M.B. Coehlo, BASF

Metabolism Tremendous stores of Ca & P Creates challenges for us, good for animal Hormonal control of stores, sensitivity from circulating concentrations, PTH, calcitonin, and vit. D Absorption (digestibility) is relatively low NRC50% for CaAFRC 68% for Ca 68% for P 64% or 70% for P Functions of P:

‘96 NRC references Ellenberger, 1950 for P requirement of gain as 3.9 g P / 100 g protein gain NRC references various authors (‘58,’59,’88,&’89) for P maintenance requirement as 16 mg P / kg BW Both assume 68% ‘true’ absorption Cromwell (JAS ‘95,2000; ‘95,449; ‘94,2653) with valid assumption that total ash is proportional to bone P due to non-discrimation during resorption Estimate requirement ~.20 % with this type of animal (dependent on BW, age, and intake) Prehistoric research-P

P requirements P intake Ex. ADG x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x NRC predicts requirements from.22 to.32% of diet DM

Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI Erickson et al., 1999 J. Anim. Sci. NRC recommendation P requirements

Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI NRC recommendation Industry average Erickson et al., 2002 J. Anim. Sci. P requirements

Erickson et al., 1999 and 2002 J. Anim. Sci. P require bone data Cromwell (JAS ‘95,2000; ‘95,449; ‘94,2653) with valid assumption that total ash is proportional to bone P due to non-discrimation during resorption

% P (DM basis) g/d P require-calves Erickson et al., 2001 Midwest abstract

Plasma Erickson et al., 2002 J. Anim. Sci.

Performance Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report

P requirements Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report

P requirements Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report

Dietary P examples

Dietary P examples NRC Our data

Conclusions Recommended levels –.5 to.7 % Ca – no supplemental P if diet >.25 % – if byproducts, the diet range will be.25 to.5 % – Ca:P ratios between 1.25:1 and 3:1 Need supplemental Ca (limestone) P should never be supplemented – based on work here; Call et al., 1978; Burroughs et al., 1956; Long et al., 1956; Ellenberger et al., 1950; and 1996 NRC

Does the requirement matter? NRC requirement is high Industry is markedly overfeeding (relative to requirement) P should never be supplemented – based on work here; Call et al., 1978; Burroughs et al., 1956; Long et al., 1956; Ellenberger et al., 1950; and 1996 NRC – What options are left? P conclusions

“Average” diet (Galyean & Gleghorn, 2001) AVGMINMAX DMD OMD CP P * Ca K S Na Approach

NRC requirements vs. corn amount %NRCCornNote Ca 0.35 (.6-.7).02add! P.25never add! K (.06) Na (.05)salt? Mg (.03) S (.02)too much? Distillers very high in P, K, Na, and S Macro minerals

NRC requirements vs. corn amount ppmNRCCornNote Co.10 B12 Cu (1.98)add I.5 add Fe (43.2)excesses? Mn 20 add Zn (11.1)add Se (.12)add Micro minerals

Vitamin A: 2,200 IU/kg DMI – feedlot cattle 1000 IU/lb Vitamin D: synthesized under normal conditions requirement: 275 IU/kg of feed Vitamin E: 25 IU/kg 10 IU/lb Vitamins