Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975) “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” Evolution.

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Presentation transcript:

Theodosius Dobzhansky ( ) “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” Evolution

Any change in the genetic make-up of a population through time A natural process……

Some background and history…. Evolution

Biology – s

Geology/Geography s

Konrad Gessner ( ) Historiae Animalium ( )

Konrad Gessner

Edward Topsel ( ) 1607

Edward Topsel

Cat Edward Topsel

“Let it not suffice to be book-learned, to read what others have written and to take upon trust more falsehood than truth, but let us ourselves examine things as we have opportunity, and converse with Nature as well as with books.” John Ray ( ) Natural History

Fixed species in an unchanging world

An ever changing world running on natural laws

Transmutation

William Paley ( )

Natural Theology Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, collected from the Appearances of Nature 1802 William Paley

Carl Linnaeus ( ) *Swedish botanist *father of modern taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus 1758

Lotus fruticosus L. L A botanical specimen from Linnaeus’ collection Swedish Museum of Natural History

*French Zoologist *Father of comparative anatomy *Fossils and extinction Georges Cuvier ( )

Jardin des Plantes, Paris

Mary Anning ( )

Richard Owen ( )

Crystal Palace Dinosaurs London

James Hutton ( ) *English Geologist *Uniformitarianism *Gradualism

James Hutton

*Uniformitarianism *Gradualism

Thomas Malthus *Essay on Population (1798)

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ( ) *living things change through time *Inheritance of acquired traits

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ( ) *Philosophie zoologique (1809) *coined terms: “invertebrate” and “biology”

“Inheritance of acquired traits” Lamarckian evolution

William Smith

William Smith Geologic map of England and Wales 1815

*English Geologist *very influential Charles Lyell ( )

1835

Charles Darwin ( )

Voyage of the HMS Beagle

Voyage of the HMS Beagle

Beagle Channel, Patagonia Voyage of the HMS Beagle Galapagos Islands

Darwin’s Finches Galapagos Islands Voyage of the HMS Beagle

1839 Voyage of the HMS Beagle

Geochelone nigra porteri Galapagos Tortoise Voyage of the HMS Beagle Harriet ca

Darwin House --- south of London

Isaac Newton ( ) “If I have seen a little further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”

Alfred Russell Wallace : “On the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type”

Darwin, 1859

Descent with Modification Natural Selection 1. Populations (species) have the capacity to over- reproduce.

Descent with Modification Natural Selection 1. Populations (species) have the capacity to over- reproduce. 2. Within a population there is variation.

Descent with Modification Natural Selection 1. Populations (species) have the capacity to over- reproduce. 2. Within a population there is variation. 3. This variation is heritable

Descent with Modification Natural Selection 1. Populations (species) have the capacity to over- reproduce. 2. Within a population there is variation. 3. This variation is heritable Inferences Survival is not random. Beneficial variations passed into next generation.

Selection is based on Fitness

Natural Selection Industrial melanism

Artificial Selection Fitness is determined by human breeder

Artificial Selection

Sexual Selection Fitness determined by mate

Sexual Selection

Swordtails (Xiphophorus) M F

Sexual Selection Irish Elk Megaloceros

Kin Selection Natural Selection and Altruism

Kin Selection Indirect fitness through your close relatives

Kin Selection Wasps, ants, bees, termites

Naked mole rats Kin Selection