Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Errors with Constants, Variables, and Reliance on NL Errors with Specialization, Generalization, and Rules Other Errors Errors.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Controls and Constants

Advertisements

“Why Some Parents Don’t Come to School”  Article in Educational Leadership (1994)  Challenges long held teacher beliefs that parents who don’t participate.

Knowledge & Reasoning Logical Reasoning: to have a computer automatically perform deduction or prove theorems Knowledge Representations: modern ways of.

Slide: 1 Copyright © AdaCore Arrays Presented Quentin Ochem university.adacore.com.

Classified Advertisements Gone Wrong!!!! Dinner Special -- Turkey $2.35; Chicken or Beef $2.25; Children $2.00. Now is your chance to have your ears pierced.

Constants and Data Types Constants Data Types Reading for this class: L&L,

Title Sub Head. Title ► First level information  Second level information Third level information +Fourth level information ◦Fifth level information.

Quiz 9 Chapter 13 Note the two versions A & B Nov

Figurative Language R 1.2 Identify and interpret figurative language.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Inference in Cyc Logical Aspects of Inference Incompleteness in Searching Incompleteness from Resource Bounds and Continuable Searches.

Artificial Intelligence Chapter 11: Planning

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Why use logic? CycL Syntax Collections and Individuals (#$isa and #$genls) Microtheories Foundations of Knowledge Representation.

Overview of Cyc Tom O'Hara NMSU AI Seminar 18 February 2002.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Errors with Constants, Variables, and Reliance on NL Errors with Specialization, Generalization, and Rules Other Errors Errors.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Logical Aspects of Inference Incompleteness in Searching Incompleteness from Resource Bounds and Continuable Searches Inference.

Cognitive Processes PSY 334

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Why use logic? CycL Syntax Collections and Individuals (#$isa and #$genls) Microtheories Foundations of Knowledge Representation.

Winter 2004/5Pls – inductive – Catriel Beeri1 Inductive Definitions (our meta-language for specifications)  Examples  Syntax  Semantics  Proof Trees.

COS Sept 9, 2005 Key Issues in Programming Stefan Brandle.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Introduction Fundamental Expression Types Top Level Collections Time and Dates Spatial Properties and Relations Event Types Information.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Why use logic? CycL Syntax Collections and Individuals (#$isa and #$genls) Microtheories Foundations of Knowledge Representation.

Let remember from the previous lesson what is Knowledge representation

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Writing Efficient CycL: Part 2 Part One: General Suggestions –Simpler is Better –Use Rule Macro Predicates –Create Simplifying.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Introduction Fundamental Expression Types Top Level Collections Time and Dates Spatial Properties and Relations Event Types Information.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Writing Efficient CycL Part 1 Part One –Simpler is Better –Use Rule Macro Predicates –Create Simplifying Vocabulary Part Two –Factor.

HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS math courseware specialists Copyright © 2011 Hawkes Learning Systems. All rights reserved. Hawkes Learning Systems: College Algebra.

How can you find a supported answer to an investigative question?

GCSE SCIENCE COURSEWORK ISA

What is culture? A tapestry; the total range of activities and people. the combination of learned meanings, values, norms and customs shared by a society.

Proper grammar in sentence construction is important in every writing assignment a person does. Grammar is defined as the set rules that direct the flow.

Declarative vs Procedural Programming  Procedural programming requires that – the programmer tell the computer what to do. That is, how to get the output.

About Us Location Services Contact Us Exit W e ’ l l b r i n g y o u t h a t h o r i z o n ! Click here to begin.

Mental Organs. Phrenology was an important part of popular culture in Victorian England and in Europe during the 19th century.

Best Practices for Variables

Assignment An assignment statement changes the value of a variable The assignment operator is the = sign total = 55; Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,

SAIL BOATS By: Jason Cooper. Sail boats Sail boats carry passengers or cargo. For nearly 5,000 years, all boats and ships were driven by oars, paddles,

Pronouns Copyright © by Gamehinge Possessive pronouns show ownership: my. our. your. her. his. its. their 1. The remote control that belonged to us was.

CMSC 202 Classes and Objects: Reusing Classes with Composition.

An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming Robert Stewart.

Ground Rules. To help you learn as much as possible, we have to talk about ground rules.

Identifying the Stated Main Idea Sentence

Scientific Method: Science is ultimately based on observation (perceiving objects or events using one of the five senses) Observations often lead to questions.

Reading Literary (RL) Vocabulary ELACC9-10RL4: Determine the meaning of words & phrases as they are used in text, including figurative & connotative meanings;

5.4 Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. If you were being sent to a desert island and could take only one equation with you, might well be your choice.

The three-stage process – Stage 1 Stage 1 – the teacher holds an open discussion session, in which s/he outlines the problem to be investigated This may.

HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS math courseware specialists Copyright © 2011 Hawkes Learning Systems. All rights reserved. Hawkes Learning Systems: College Algebra.

Cyc Jaehui Park Summarized by Jaehui Park, IDS Lab., Seoul National University Presented by Jaehui Park, IDS Lab., Seoul National University.

The Importance of Prepared Environment

Warm-up: Fill in each blank with the appropriate word

4-1 MGMG 522 : Session #4 Choosing the Independent Variables and a Functional Form (Ch. 6 & 7)

Exercise 1 Review OOP tirgul No Outline Polymorphism Exceptions A design example Summary.

1 Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Mean & Standard Deviation The mean value of a random variable X, denoted by  X, describes.

Social Studies Experiences

Scientific Method.

Software Engineering for Data Scientists

Copyrights apply.

Add your team’s summary here followed by your initials Add your team’s summary here followed by your initials. Remember to rotate the person.

Scientific Method - Controls and Variables

Scientific Method - Controls and Variables

Scientific Method - Controls and Variables

Grid Files (Another example)

Scientific Method – Experimental Design Controls and Variables

For this assignment, copy and past the XHTML to a notepad file with the .html extension. Then add the code I ask for to complete the problems.

Controls and Constants

By Rudy Pike Brought to you by Snow, its every where, get use to it.

Scientific Method - Controls and Variables

What is our assembly about today?

The Product Rule.

Types of Errors And Error Analysis.

Presentation transcript:

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Errors with Constants, Variables, and Reliance on NL Errors with Specialization, Generalization, and Rules Other Errors Errors in Representing Knowledge

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Over-generalization “Every organism has a head” Make more specific rules, e.g., for vertebrates, insects

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Over-generalization “All people speak some language” State exceptions for infants, muteness

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Over-generalization “Every person has some building or part of a building as their home” State in a Microtheory that assumes a modern culture.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Over-specialization Is this rule OK? “Every person is younger than his or her parents.”

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Over-specialization Is this rule OK? “Every person is younger than his or her parents.” True, but what about dogs? Plants?

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Over-specialization: Unnecessary Constraints Consider the following rule: (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?MAST #$Mast) (#$physicalParts ?BOAT ?MAST) (#$isa ?BOAT #$Sailboat)) (#$rigidityOfObject ?MAST #$Rigid)) The second and third literals are unnecessary, and keep the rule from applying in all the cases that it should.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Non-modular Rules A fine rule: (#$implies (#$isa ?BOAT #$Sailboat) (#$thereExists ?MAST (#$and (#$isa ?MAST #$Mast) (#$physicalParts ?BOAT ?MAST))))

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Non-modular Rules Bad: (#$implies (#$isa ?BOAT #$Sailboat) (#$thereExists ?MAST (#$thereExist ?HULL (#$and (#$isa ?MAST #$Mast) (#$isa ?HULL #$Hull-BoatPart) (#$physicalParts ?BOAT ?MAST) (#$physicalParts ?BOAT ?HULL))))) The existence of a sailboat’s hull is independent of the existence of its mast.

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Non-modular Rules Better: Split into two (#$implies (#$isa ?BOAT #$Sailboat) (#$thereExists ?MAST (#$and (#$isa ?MAST #$Mast) (#$physicalParts ?BOAT ?MAST)))) (#$implies (#$isa ?BOAT #$Boat) (#$thereExists ?HULL (#$and (#$isa ?HULL #$Hull-BoatPart) (#$physicalParts ?BOAT ?HULL))))

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Non-modular Rules What’s wrong here? (#$implies (#$isa ?BOAT #$Sailboat) (#$thereExists ?MAST (#$and (#$isa ?MAST #$Mast) (#$physicalParts ?BOAT ?MAST) (#$rigidityOfObject ?MAST #$Rigid)))) All masts are rigid, not just the mast which exists for each sailboat!

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Non-modular Rules Better: (#$implies (#$isa ?BOAT #$Sailboat) (#$thereExists ?MAST (#$and (#$isa ?MAST #$Mast) (#$physicalParts ?BOAT ?MAST)))) (#$implies (#$isa ?MAST #$Mast) (#$rigidityOfObject ?MAST #$Rigid))

Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Avoid over-generalization –Choice of terms –Exceptions –Choice of microtheory Avoid over-specialization –Choice of terms –Unnecessary constraints Use Modular Rules Summary