Lecture 4 Noise, signal/noise ratio, detection limit.

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Presentation transcript:

Lecture 4 Noise, signal/noise ratio, detection limit

Standard analytical terminology Value (mean, average) Standard deviation Relative standard deviation(RSD) Electronics Signal Noise Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)

A noisy set of data

Less noisy measurements. Signal is well visible.

Sine wave – a primitive model of a noisy experiment Peak-to-peak noise = 3 s (approximately)

Noises: Thermal temperature resistance bandwidth Shot (quantum) current “Flicker”

Environmental noise

A simple filter What should I do to reduce the noise?

Removal of the amplifier noise by filtering

Boxcar averaging Computer can help:

c = a + b Random numbers a and b s c = ? c = a + a

This N stands for word “noise” And this is number of measurements

A: one measurement, S/N=4 B: 100 measurements(scans), S/N= 40

concentration intensity Limit of quantitation (limit of determination) Limit of detection (detection limit) 3s/slope 10s/slope 0 Limit of linearity