Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University-Gaza MB M ICRO B IOLOGY Dr. Abdelraouf A. Elmanama Ph. D Microbiology 2008 Chapter 10 Classification of Microorganisms

2008 Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying organisms

2008 Taxonomy Systematics or phylogeny The study of the evolutionary history of organisms All Species Inventory ( ) To identify all species of life on Earth

2008 Taxonomy 1735Plant and Animal Kingdoms 1857Bacteria & fungi put in the Plant Kingdom 1866Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria, protozoa, algae, & fungi 1937"Prokaryote" introduced for cells "without a nucleus" 1961Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane 1959Kingdom Fungi 1968Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed 1978Two types of prokaryotic cells found

2008 The Three-Domain System Table 10.1

2008 The Three-Domain System Figure 10.1

2008 Table 10.2

2008 Endosymbiotic Theory

2008 Scientific Names Scientific binomialSource of Genus name Source of Specific epithet Kbebsiella pneumoniaeHonors Edwin KlebsThe disease Pfiesteria piscicidaHonors Lois PfiesterDisease in fish Salmonella typhimuriumHonors Daniel SalmonStupor (typh-) in mice (muri-) Streptococcus pyogenesChains of cells (strepto-)Forms pus (pyo-) Penicillium notatumTuftlike (penicill-)Spores spread in wind (nota) Trypanosoma cruziCorkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-body) Honors Oswaldo Cruz

2008 Taxonomic Hierarchy Figure 10.5

2008 Species Definition Eukaryotic species: A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves Prokaryotic species: A population of cells with similar characteristics Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone Viral species: Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

2008 Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic Fungi: Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms Domain Eukarya

2008 Prokaryotes Figure 10.6

2008 References Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea Morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea Based on rRNA sequencing Approved Lists of Bacterial Names Lists species of known prokaryotes Based on published articles

2008 Identification Methods Morphological characteristics: Useful for identifying eukaryotes Differential staining: Gram staining, acid-fast staining Biochemical tests: Determines presence of bacterial enzymes Figure 10.8

2008 Figure 10.7

2008 Numerical Identification Figure 10.9

2008 Combine known antiserum + unknown bacterium Slide agglutination ELISA Western blot Serology Figure 10.10

2008 Western Blot Figure 10.12

2008 Phage Typing Figure 10.13

2008 Differences in electrical conductivity between species Fluorescence of some species Cells selectively stained with antibody + fluorescent dye Flow Cytometry Uses

2008 DNA base composition Guanine + cytosine moles% (GC) DNA fingerprinting Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests rRNA sequencing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Genetics Figure 10.14

2008 Nucleic Acid Hybridization Figure 10.15

2008 Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA probe Figure 10.16

2008 Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA chip Figure 10.17

2008 Figure 10.5

2008 Dichotomous Key

2008 Cladogram Figure

2008 Cladogram Figure