Ch 22: Energy and mineral resources Ch 22: Energy and mineral resources 1.Resources 2.Energy 3.Environmental effects 4.Alternate Energy Sources 5.Mineral resources Exam 4: May 3, regular class time Comprehensive Final: Monday, May 10 th : 12:20-2:10PM Required ONLY if you missed an exam. Anyone can take it to replace lowest grade (won’t hurt you) HW #5 on Monday, due Friday next week Exam 4: May 3, regular class time Comprehensive Final: Monday, May 10 th : 12:20-2:10PM Required ONLY if you missed an exam. Anyone can take it to replace lowest grade (won’t hurt you) HW #5 on Monday, due Friday next week

Modern civilization….  Built completely upon materials extracted from Earth  Each of us “modern society folk” use enormous resources  No country is self-sufficient with its resource needs Resource renewability  renewable: replenishable in months, years or decades  nonrenewable: may take millions of years to replenish 1) Resources Energy & Mineral resources

1) Resources Energy & Mineral resources Recycling some nonrenewable some nonrenewable resources are recyclable (Al) some are not (oil) some are not (oil) some are “renewable” some are “renewable” if used at a replenishable rate (H 2 O)

Growth of the world population

2) Energy Energy & Mineral resources Coal Coal Petroleum Petroleum Natural gas Natural gas è “fossil fuels” See Fig. 22.3

2) Energy Energy & Mineral resources Fig. 22.4

2) Energy Energy & Mineral resources Fig Partially decayed plant litter is compressed to peat 2. Shallow burial under sediments 3. Further burial Metamorphosis Formation of coal

2) Energy Energy & Mineral resources Coal è major fuel for power plants è 70% of coal usage: electricity è many problems: pollution, health, wastelands è lots more available è formation: swamps

2) Energy Energy & Mineral resources Burning of coal and associated air pollution

2) Energy Energy & Mineral resources Petroleum & natural gas è typically found together è hydrocarbons è generated from plant/animal matter è formation: marine environment è must be “trapped” for preservation Oil traps è permeable host rock to store oil/gas è overlying impermeable rock to trap it “reservoir rock” “cap rock”

2) Energy Energy & Mineral resources See Fig. 22.5

3) Environmental effects Energy & Mineral resources Urban air polluition Transportation (46% of pollution sources) Carbon monoxide (49% of all primary pollutants) makes

3) Environmental effects Energy & Mineral resources Urban air pollution Greenhouse effect Global warming Transportation (46% of pollution sources Carbon monoxide (49% of all primary pollutants) makes See Fig. 23.6

3) Environmental effects Energy & Mineral resources Ice Core Measurements See Fig. 23.8

3) Environmental effects Energy & Mineral resources Global temperature increase since 1860 ‘0’line is the average from See Fig. 23.8

Energy & Mineral resources nuclear solar wind hydroelectric geothermal tidal Supplies 7% of U.S. needs Energy from nuclear fission Difficulty 1: accidents can happen... Difficulty 2: what to do w/ hazardous waste 4) Alternate energy resources

Energy & Mineral resources nuclear solar wind hydroelectric geothermal tidal Supplies 7% of U.S. needs Energy from nuclear fission Difficulty 1: accidents can happen... Difficulty 2: what to do w/ hazardous waste 4) Alternate energy resources

Energy & Mineral resources nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal Sun’s energy Different systems/types Effective where sunlight is common Expect more in future 4) Alternate energy resources

Energy & Mineral resources nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal Sun’s energy Different systems/types Effective where sunlight is common Expect more in future 4) Alternate energy resources

Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources

Energy & Mineral resources nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal Underground steam/hot water Hardly any environmental impact Limited life per field 4) Alternate energy resources

Energy & Mineral resources nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal Underground steam/hot water Hardly any environmental impact Limited life per field 4) Alternate energy resources

Energy & Mineral resources Underground steam/hot water Hardly any environmental impact Limited life per field 4) Alternate energy resources

Energy & Mineral resources nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal Falling water drives turbines 5% of U.S. electricity Mostly large dams Limited life span

4) Alternate energy resources Energy & Mineral resources nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal Falling water drives turbines 5% of U.S. electricity Mostly large dams Limited life span Clean! 1.3% of California’s power Noisy Hydroelectric:

4) Alternate energy resources Energy & Mineral resources tidal Largely untapped Uneconomical if tide < 25 feet Need enclosed bay

5) Mineral resources resources Energy & Mineral resources

Sulfide ores Ore: mineral deposit that can be mined profitably 5) Mineral resources Energy & Mineral resources 22.17

5) Mineral resources Energy & Mineral resources Magmatic segregation: pegmatites Hydrothermal solutions: important ore deposits Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or disseminated deposits Stewart Mines Intrusive rocks, a result of fractional crystallization of granitic magma

5) Mineral resources Energy & Mineral resources Magmatic segregation: pegmatites Hydrothermal solutions: important ore deposits Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or disseminated deposits Quartz Veins in gneiss Intrusive rocks, a result of fractional crystallization of granitic magma

5) Mineral resources Energy & Mineral resources Magmatic segregation: pegmatites Hydrothermal solutions: important ore deposits Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or disseminated deposits Fig Intrusive rocks, a result of fractional crystallization of granitic magma

5) Mineral resources Energy & Mineral resources Magmatic segregation: pegmatites Hydrothermal solutions: important ore deposits Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or disseminated deposits Fig , Copper mine, Utah Intrusive rocks, a result of fractional crystallization of granitic magma

5) Mineral resources Energy & Mineral resources Ore deposits and plate tectonics Fig

MCs Energy & Mineral resources Nodules rich in ______ are found on the deep sea floor away from plate boundaries. A. aluminum B. gold C. manganese D. potassium

MCs Energy & Mineral resources In what plate tectonic setting are copper porphyry deposits located? A. plate tectonic setting A B. plate tectonic setting B C. plate tectonic setting C D. plate tectonic setting D

MCs Energy & Mineral resources Large copper porphyry deposits are found in __________. A. region A B. region B C. region C D. region D

MCs Energy & Mineral resources Nodules rich in ______ are found on the deep sea floor away from plate boundaries. A. aluminum B. gold C. manganese D. potassium

MCs Energy & Mineral resources What type of ore deposits form where minerals precipitate from fluids along the walls of faults and joints? A. disseminated deposits B. placer deposits C. sedimentary deposits D. vein deposits

MCs Energy & Mineral resources Nuclear energy is derived by the __________ of 235U atoms. A. combustion B. dissolution C. fission D. fusion

MCs Energy & Mineral resources Which of the following correctly identifies X, Y, and Z? A. X = anthraciteY = bituminous coalZ = lignite B. X = ligniteY = anthraciteZ = bituminous coal C. X = ligniteY = bituminous coalZ = anthracite D. X = bituminous coalY = anthraciteZ = lignite