Hands-On Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Networking Chapter Two Networking Protocols

2 Objectives Understand TCP/IP addressing Compare Internet Protocol version 6 with Internet Protocol version 4 Understand the relevance of the IPX/SPX protocol Describe the purpose of the AppleTalk protocol Identify obsolete network protocols Use bindings to optimize network connectivity

3 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) The most commonly used network protocol suite in use today Reasons why TCP/IP is so prevalent –Has wide vendor support –Is an open protocol –Provides access to the Internet

4 IP Addresses Must be unique –Impossible for information to be correctly delivered if two computers have the same IP address Common format –Consists of four numbers called octets –Each octet can range in value between 0 and 255 –Example IP address: Composed of two parts –Network ID: the network on which computer is located –Host ID: the individual computer on the network

5 IP Addresses (Continued) Internet Service Provider (ISP) –IP addresses used on the Internet assigned by ISPs Network Address Translation (NAT) or Proxy Server –Minimizes the use of IP addresses Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) –Organization with overall authority for IP address assignments on the Internet

6 Subnet Masks Defines which part of a computer’s IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID Simplest subnet masks use only two values: 0 and in the subnet mask indicates the octet is part of the network ID 0 in the subnet mask indicates the octet is part of the host ID

7 Using a subnet mask to find network and host IDs

8 Valid and Invalid Subnet Masks

9 Two Computers on the Same Network

10 Network ID calculation for Computer A

11 Network ID Calculation for Computer B

12 Default Gateway Another term for router Router –A dedicated hardware device from a vendor such as Cisco, D-link, or Linksys –Can distinguish multiple networks and how to move packets between them –Has an IP address on every network to which it is attached

13 Two Computers on Different Networks

14 Calculating Network ID for Computer A

15 Network ID Test for Computer C

16 IP Address Classes IP addresses –Divided into classes –IP address class can be identified by first octet of address Class A addresses –Use eight bits for the network ID and 24 bits for the host ID –Subnet mask is –Hosts available on a class A network are 16,777,214 Subnetting –The process in which a single large network is subdivided into smaller networks to control traffic flow

17 IP Address Classes (Continued) Class B addresses –Use 16 bits for the network ID and 16 bits for the host ID –Subnet mask is –16,384 class B networks with 65,534 hosts on each network Class C addresses –Use 24 bits for the network ID and eight bits for the host ID –Subnet mask is –2,097,152 class C networks with 254 hosts on each network

18 IP Address Classes (Continued) Class D addresses –Not divided into networks and cannot be assigned to computers as IP addresses –Used for multicasting –Multicast addressing: used by groups of computers Class E addresses –Considered experimental and not used

19 IP Address Classes

20 Hosts and Networks for IP address classes

21 Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) Used to make Internet routing and the assignment of Internet addresses more efficient Does not use the default subnet masks for routing Subnet mask must be defined for each network CIDR notation –A common mechanism to indicate the number of bits in the network ID of an IP address

22 Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR)

23 Reserved Addresses Broadcasts –Packets addressed to all computers on a network Local broadcast –Delivered to all computers on a local network and discarded by routers –IP address is a local broadcast Directed broadcast –Broadcast on a specific network –IP address is composed of the network ID to which it is directed, then all host bits are set to 1

24 Directed Broadcasts on specific networks

25 Host Bits in IP addresses

26 Addresses for Internal Networks

27 Domain Name System (DNS) Used to –Resolve host names to IP addresses –Find domain controllers –Find servers Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) –Combination of host name and domain name

28 DNS Record Types

29 Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) Resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses Stores information about services such as domain controllers Used primarily for backward compatibility with Windows NT and Windows 9x

30 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Automated mechanism that assigns IP addresses to clients Avoids the problem of records being entered incorrectly

31 Internet Protocol Version 6 The replacement for Internet Protocol version (IPv4) Improvements in IPv6 include –Increased address space –Hierarchical routing to reduce the load on Internet backbone routers –Simpler configuration through automatic address assignment –Inclusion of encryption services for data security –Quality of service –Extensibility to support new features

32 IPv6 Addressing IPv6 addresses –128 bits long –Designed for ease of use rather than efficiency of allocation –Represented in hexadecimal notation (222D:10B5:3355:00F3:8234:0000:32AC:099C) –If IPv6 address contains a long set of zeros, the zeros can be compressed to a double colon “::” Example: the multicast address FF02:0:0:0:0:0:112A:CC87 could be shortened to FF02::112A:CC8

33 IPv6 Address Types Unicast addresses –Equivalent to IPv4 addresses that can be assigned to hosts but are divided into multiple categories Aggregatable global unicast addresses Link-local addresses Site-local addresses

34 IPv6 Address Types (Continued) Multicast addresses –112 bits are allocated to the group ID –Has additional option – scope - which defines where routers should propagate the multicast address –Used in place of broadcast addresses Anycast addresses –Have no equivalent in IPv4 –Assigned to interfaces on multiple devices

35 Interface Identifiers IPv6 equivalent of a host ID Always a consistent length of 64 bits Three ways an interface identifier can be defined –Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 address –Randomly generated –Assigned by DHCPv6

36 Interface Identifiers (Continued) EUI-64 addresses –New standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) to uniquely identify network interfaces –Will eventually replace MAC addresses –64 bits long: first 24 bits used to uniquely identify vendors of networking devices while last 40 bits used to uniquely identify the interface produced by the manufacturer

37 Internetwork Packet eXchange/Sequenced Packet eXchange (IPX/SPX) Common protocol in use on local area networks (LANs) in the late 1980s and early 1990s Is also a routable protocol that is easy to configure Development of the Internet caused companies to move away from IPX/SPX NWLink –The name Microsoft uses for the IPX/SPX- compatible protocol that it created

38 Service Location When using TCP/IP –Windows Server 2003 with Active Directory uses DNS for service location IPX/SPX –Uses Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) to locate services –Broadcast of SAP packets every 60 seconds makes it very unpopular with wide area network (WAN) support staff

39 Addressing IPX/SPX packet –Composed of a network ID and a computer ID –Network ID is an eight-character hexadecimal number –Computer ID is a 12-character hexadecimal number –Does not require a subnet mask IPX address –Includes the network ID and the computer ID, example: A1A1A1A1: AB –Computer ID portion of the address is taken from the MAC address of the network card –Network ID portion of the address can be manually configured

40 Internal Network Address Unique eight-character hexadecimal identifier used by Windows computers providing IPX/SPX-based services Must be different than any real IPX network address or the internal address of any other servers IPX routers must be configured with an internal network address

41 Frame Type The format of IPX/SPX packets Can be manually configured but normally detected automatically, during initialization of network services Two computers with IPX/SPX installed, but configured with different frame types, cannot communicate Frame –Term for a packet that is fully built, just before it is put onto the network cabling

42 Frame Types

43 NWLink Properties

44 Results from the ipxroute Command

45 AppleTalk Protocol used for connectivity with Macintosh computers A routable protocol that can be used on larger networks

46 Obsolete Protocols Data Link Control (DLC) –A nonroutable protocol that was used for connectivity to mainframe computers NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI) –A fast, nonroutable, autoconfiguring protocol

47 Bindings The process where a network protocol is configured to use a network adapter Windows Server 2003 –Allows you to optimize network connectivity by adjusting the order in which protocols are used and defining the priority of network services

48 Binding Configuration

49 Summary TCP/IP –IP Address: network ID and host ID –Subnet mask: defines network ID and host ID of IP address –Default gateway: required to deliver packets Ranges of IP addresses reserved for internal use –10.X.X.X, X.X X.X – X.X DHCP –Automatically allocates IP addresses –If DHCP server cannot be contacted, clients use APIPA

50 Summary (Continued) IPX/SPX –Can be used with the 32-bit version of Windows Server 2003 –Primarily used in networks where Novell NetWare is present –Frame type automatically detected when IPX/SPX is initialized –802.2 used if multiple frame types are present AppleTalk –Used for connectivity with Apple Macintosh computers Bindings –Can be adjusted to optimize networking performance –Most used protocols should be listed first