World War II I.Labor empowered A.AFL growth B.CIO struggles C.The Communist Question II.The Second World War A.Background B.Opinions III.The Worker at War A.Government Policy B.Gains C.Problem of Discipline

AFL Growth AFL regains its momentum Labor continues expanding, but ends its insurgent phase

CIO Struggles 1938: ILGWU quits CIO, rejoins AFL two years later 1940: Lewis endorses Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie 1941: Lewis cedes presidency of CIO to Philip Murray of the steelworkers 1942: Lewis pulls UMW out of CIO

The Communist Question Critics attack CIO for harboring Communists Lewis attempts to control their influence –Harry Bridges –Intl. Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU ) –CIO West Coast director Communists released from federal custody, 1943

Ideological Struggle Fascism is reactionary Blame unionists, socialists, communists, liberals, & Jews, for military defeat, depression Use state power to crush dissent, including that of workers

Militarism 1931— Japan invades Manchuria 1935—Germany obtains the Saar 1935— Italy invades Ethiopia 1936— Germany rearms the Rhineland 1936— Spanish Civil War —Rape of Nanking 1938—Annexation of Austria 1938–Carving Up Czechoslovakia 1939—Attack Poland 1940– Conquer Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands 1941– Invade USSR 1941– Pearl Harbor Haile Selassie I

Opinions Antiwar –Some ethnics –Bigots –Pacifists –Communists Between September 1939 & June 1941 Prowar –Liberals –Jewish workers –Communists Before September 1939, after June 1941 CIO West Coast director Harry Bridges CIO founder Sidney Hillman

Government Policy National Defense Mediation Board– 1940 National War Labor Board– 1941 No strike pledge—1941 WWII Poster, 1943

Boom Ends Depression New Workers –Women –E. O (1941) Bans bias in public contracting Fair Employment Practices Commission –Southern blacks Union growth Wage growth

Discipline In 1943, half-million soft- coal miners go out on strike Prompt Congress to pass the Smith-Connally Act of 1943 FDR federalizes the mines, but offers concessions to miners Order putting mines under government control, 1943