Figure 29.0 Ferns

Table 29.1 Ten Phyla of Extant Plants

Figure 29.1 Some highlights of plant evolution

Figure 29.2 Charophyceans: Chara (top), Coleochaete orbicularis (bottom)

Figure 29.2x Chara

Figure 29.3 Apical meristems of plant shoots and roots

Figure 29.4 Embryos of land plants: Marchantia (left), Shepherd's purse (right)

Figure 29.6 Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme

Figure 29.7 A fern spore

Figure 29.8 Sporangium of a hornwort (a bryophyte) sporophyte

Figure 29.9 Gametangia: Archegonium of Marchantia (left), Anteridium of a hornwort (right)

Figure 29.10 Cuticle of a stem from Psilotum (a pteridophyte)

Figure 29.11 The stem of Polypodium, a fern (a pteridophyte)

Figure 29.11 Xylem and phloem in the stem of Polypodium, a fern (a pteridophyte)

Figure 29.12 Fossilized spores and sporophyte tissue

Figure 29.13 A hypothetical mechanism for the origin of alternation of generations in the ancestor of plants

Figure 29.14 Three clades that are candidates for designation as the plant kingdom

Figure 29.15 Bryophytes

Figure 29.15x1 Hornwort

Figure 29.15x2 Quillwort

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 1)

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 2)

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 3)

Figure 29.16x Moss life cycle

Figure 29.x1 Polytrichum moss leaf section

Figure 29.17 Sporophyte of Marchantia, a liverwort

Figure 29.18 A moss sporangium with a “spore-shaker” tip

Figure 29.19 Sphagnum, or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin (top), closeup of Sphagnum (bottom left), Sphagnum "leaf" (bottom right)

Figure 29.19x A peat moss bog in Norway

Figure 29.20 Cooksonia, a vascular plant of the Siluria

Figure 29.21 Pteridophytes: club "moss" (top left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right)

Figure 29.21x1 Lycophyte

Figure 29.21x2 Horsetail

Figure 29.22 Hypotheses for the evolution of leaves

Figure 29.23 The life cycle of a fern

Figure 29.23x1 Life cycle of a fern: mature fern

Figure 29.23x2 Life cycle of a fern: sorus

Figure 29.23x3 Life cycle of a fern: sporangium

Figure 29.23x4 Life cycle of a fern: mature sporangium

Figure 29.23x5 Life cycle of a fern: germinating

Figure 29.23x6 Life cycle of a fern: gametophyte

Figure 29.23x7 Life cycle of a fern: archegonia

Figure 29.23x8 Life cycle of a fern: sporophytes

Figure 29.24a Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production

Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production

Figure 29.24c Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production

Figure 29.25 Artist’s conception of a Carboniferous forest based on fossil evidence