4G Wireless Networks KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS Electrical Engineering Department Second Semester (052) EE 400 – Telecommunication Networking Prepared by Muhammad Al-Sadah Hussain Al-Mohammad Ali Instructor: Dr. M. A. Al-Andalousi

Outline Introduction  What is 4G?  What's New in 4G? 3G vs. 4G 4G Network Features How 4G works Challenges Summary

What is 4G? A wireless access technology and is the successor of 3G. Called "3G and Beyond". Enables seamless roaming between technologies. Plans on releasing the first commercial network in NTT DoCoMo Company is testing 4G communication at 100 Mbps while moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary.

What's New in 4G? Entirely packet-switched networks. All network elements are digital. Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps). Tight network security.

Features of 4G Networks 4G networks are all-IP (Internet Protocol) based heterogeneous networks This will allow users to:  Select any system at any time and any where  Use Multiple systems at the same time (e.g. GPS and WLANs and CDMA) A wide range of applications using only one 4G integrated terminal

Features of 4G Networks (cont.) Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc. Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates. Global mobility and service portability. Low cost. Scalability of mobile networks (>10 times the capacity of 3G).

3G (including 2.5G)4G Major Requirement Driving Architecture Predominantly voice driven - data was always add on Converged data and voice over IP Network ArchitectureWide area cell-basedHybrid - Integration of Wireless LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area Speeds384 Kbps to 2 Mbps20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode Frequency BandDependent on country or continent ( MHz) Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz) Bandwidth5-20 MHz100 MHz (or more) Switching Design BasisCircuit and PacketAll digital with packetized voice Access TechnologiesW-CDMA, 1xRTT, EdgeOFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA) Forward Error CorrectionConvolution rate 1/2, 1/3Concatenated coding scheme Component DesignOptimized antenna design, multi-band adapters multi-band adapters Smarter Antennas, software multiband and wideband radios IP A number of air link protocols, including IP 5.0 All IP (IP6.0) From : 3G vs. 4G

How 4G works (working principle) The IP address is based on IPv6. IPv4: X. X. X. X (32 bits) example: IPv6:4 × IPv4 (128 bits) example: , , , home address care-of address mobile IP address local network address

IPv4 vs. IPv6 IPv4IPv6 Structure32 bits128 bits SecurityPoor securityEnhance security FunctionAddressing 1. Multi-fun. and mobile fun. are built-in 2. Plug & Play (Auto-Configuration)

HAPS Services Content GSM UMTS WLAN Bluetooth Satellite Wireline or Wireless Networks (Internet) Very wide area Wide areaMetropolitan areaLocal area Personal area Direct Sequence Frequency Hopping WCDMA TD-CDMA TDMA FDD OFDM TDD OFDMUnspecified ADSL The 4G mobile network(s) Home Add. Mobile IP Add. Care-of Add.

4G Systems Challenges To migrate current systems to 4G with the features mentioned previously, researchers are facing a number of challenges These challenges are grouped into the following different aspects:  Accessing Different Networks: Multimode Devices Overlay Network  Terminal Mobility Location Management Handoff Management

One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access several and different mobile and wireless networks There are two possible architectures  Multimode Devices  Overlay Network 4G Wireless Networks Challenges First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks

A single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access the different wireless networks Advantages:  Improve call completion  Expand coverage area  Reliable coverage in case of network, link or switch failure Disadvantages:  Complexity in the hardware of the device Handoff Mechanism: Performed by the user, device or network First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks 1. Multimode Devices Architecture

To reduce the complexity of the hardware in the device the most promising technology is to adapt the software radio approach BPF LNA ADC reprogrammable Baseband DSP User Analogue Digital An ideal software radio system Multimode Devices Architecture (cont.) Analog/digital converter bandpass filter Low noise amplifier

High number of antennas: Still It is impossible to have just one antenna and one LNA to cover the bands of all 4G wireless networks The low speed of ADCs. the speed of the fastest current ADC is still two to three times slower than required Challenges in software radio technology Multimode Devices Architecture (cont.)

A user accesses an overlay network consisting of several UAPs UAPs Functions:  Select a wireless network based on availability and user choices  Store IPs of user, network and devices Advantages:  Simplify hardware of device  Supports single billing Disadvantages:  More network devices Handoff Mechanism between UAPs: Performed by overlay network rather than the user or device First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks 2. Overlay Network Architecture

4G Wireless Networks Challenges Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility In order to provide wireless services at any time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructure Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to roam across geographical boundaries of the wireless networks There are two main issues in terminal mobility:  location management  handoff management

The system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible connection Location management involves handing all the information about  Roaming terminals such as original and current location cells  Authentication information  QoS capabilities Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility 1. Location Management

Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility 2. Handoff Management Maintain ongoing communication when the terminal roams IP changes during handoff : , home addresscare-of addressmobile IP address local network address , IPv6 within the same cell: ,

Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility 2. Handoff Management , home addresscare-of addressmobile IP address local network address , IPv6 when the terminal roams to another cell: ,

Horizontal handoff is performed when the terminal moves from one cell to another within the same wireless system. Vertical handoff is performed when the terminal moves between two different wireless systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM). Handoff Management (cont.) Handoff Management Challenges

Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase  System load (increasing control packets)  Packet losses  Handover latency Hard correct handoff time: because measuring handoffs is done among different wireless systems Challenges in Handoff Management

Summary The key concept behind 4G systems is integrating their capacities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies The IP address system used in 4G is based on the new technology IPv6. 4G networks is still in the development stage, and in order to utilize their new features too many challenges must be overcome

References Upkar Varshney and Radhika Jain, Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless Networks, Georgia State Jain, Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless Networks, Georgia State University. Available: edia_2002/issues_in_emerging_4G_wireless_networks.pdfhttp:// edia_2002/issues_in_emerging_4G_wireless_networks.pdf Erik Fledderus, Bingulac, Broadband Radio; a vision on 4G, KPN Research, The Netherlands. Available: GA2002%20ER%20Fledderus.pdf GA2002%20ER%20Fledderus.pdf Ibrahim,Jawad “4G Features,” Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal (Vol.1 No.1), Dec Yu Hui, Suk and Kai Hau Yeung, City University of Hong Kong: Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems. Available: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

References (cont.) Z. Theodore, “Migration toward 4G Wireless Communications,” IEEE Wireless Communication, June U. Narumi, O. Toru, and M. Tatsuro “Overview of Fourth-generation Mobile Communication System,” NTT Technical Review (Vol.2 No.0), Sep. 2004