Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications IGERT Bootcamp September 2006

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Visual processing 3.Memory and plasticity 4.Motor systems

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (circa 3000 BC) First writings of the brain.

Neuron Doctrine Ramon y Cajal

A Course Map of the Brain. central sulcus definitions: sulcus vs. gyrus

A majority of the cortex is devoted to vision. Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)

webvision.med.utah.edu Cortex is divided into 6 layers mm thick “gray matter”

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Visual processing 3.Memory and plasticity 4.Motor systems

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology The early visual pathway “flips” sides.

Kolb (2003) The retina is the beginning of the visual processing.

Kolb (2003) A cross-section of the canonical retinal circuit.

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Spectral sensitivity of each photoreceptor type.

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology The basis of a receptive field. light stimulus

Kolb (2003) But, it’s more complicated …

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Optic nerve primarily projects to the thalamus.

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Primary visual cortex is the target of the thalamus.

webvision.med.utah.edu Eye-specific layers project to segregated regions. ocular dominance columns

Tootell et al (1982) Retinotopic map in primary visual cortex

Cortical magnification distorts representation. webvision.med.utah.edu

Adapted from Hubel & Wiesel (19xx) Neurons in primary visual cortex are tuned to orientation. orientation of bar tuning curvestimulus ON stimulus OFF stimulus OFF response Firing rate (Hz)

Ohki et al (2006) The orientation preference of neurons form a topology on visual cortex. color represents orientation of tuning curve peak

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Radial columns are the basic sub-units of the cortex.

Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991) Visual circuitry beyond the primary visual cortex.

Two streams of visual information 1. “motion/space” processing 2. “form/shape” processing

Albright (1984) Neurons in the medial temporal (MT) are tuned to motion. medial temporal (MT) cortex

Albright et al (1984) Motion direction is topologically organized in MT cortex.

Two streams of visual information 1. “motion/space” processing 2. “form/shape” processing

Desimone et al (1984) Face-selective cells exist in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex.

The inferior temporal (IT) cortex projects to the hippocampus.

Kreiman et al (2000) Does the “Bill Clinton” cell exist in the hippocampus?

Kreiman et al (2000) Object-selective cells do exist in the hippocampus.

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Visual processing 3.Memory and plasticity 4.Motor systems

The hippocampus receives input from all sensory modalities.

The basic circuitry of the hippocampus. Ramon y Cajal

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology The basic circuitry of the hippocampus.

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

Robert Muller Neurons in the hippocampus have non-visual receptive fields.

Emery Brown Can we “read the mind” of a rat?

Can we “read the mind” of a human?

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Visual processing 3.Memory and plasticity 4.Motor systems

Motor and decision areas in cortex.

The Brain from Top to Bottom The primary motor cortex contains a homunculus of body parts.

A monkey feeds itself with a robot controlled with neural signals. A. Schwartz University of Pittsburgh

Primary motor cortex (M1) Posterior parietal cortex Premotor cortex (PMA) Supplementary motor cortex (SMA) Where do motor areas end and decision-making begin?

Richard Andersen Designing a neural prosthetic for humans.

Actually, neural prosthetics already exist.

Review 1.Historical perspective Imhotep 2.Visual processing Organization of visual cortex 3.Memory and plasticity Hippocampus and Place Cells 4.Motor systems Neural Prosthestics

1.A few good classes. Neuroscience 200A - Cellular Neuroscience Neuroscience 200B - Systems Neuroscience Neuroscience 200C - Cognitive Neuroscience 2.A few good books. Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel (2000) Principles of Neural Science. Squire et al (2003) Fundamental Neuroscience 3.A few good websites. “Webvision” “Neuroscience for Kids” Resources

Ventricular system provides cerebrospinal fluid to the brain.