Citizen Influence on Policy? What does Dye say? Is there congruence between opinion & policy? Examples? –Life Sentence for Drug Dealers –Death Penalty –Flat Tax –Immigration –Minimum wage Why congruence or lack thereof ?

When does public opinion matter? What is the role of the media? What is the role of public officials? What is the role of political institutions (rules of the game)? What is public opinion?

Criminal Justice Example? Early American History focused on rehabilitation (very radical compared to Europe at the time) Early twentieth-century criminal justice: Professionalization 1960s and 1970s: Crisis – rehabilitation in the presence of rising crime 1980s to 2000: politicization of criminal justice. Rise of Punitive Measures Current: Fiscal concern over price of locking up non- violent offenders.