Learning about order from noise Quantum noise studies of ultracold atoms Eugene Demler Harvard University Collaborators: Ehud Altman, Robert Cherng, Adilet Imambekov, Vladimir Gritsev, Mikhail Lukin, Anatoli Polkovnikov, Ana Maria Rey Funded by NSF, Harvard-MIT CUA, AFOSR, DARPA, MURI

Outline Introduction. Historical review Quantum noise analysis of time-of-flight experiments with atoms in optical lattices: HBT experiments and beyond Quantum noise in interference experiments with independent condensates Observation of superexchange interactions in optical lattices

Quantum noise Classical measurement: collapse of the wavefunction into eigenstates of x Quantum noise – the process of making a measurement introduces a noise. Individual measurements do not give us the average value of x. Quantum noise contains information about the quantum mechanical wavefunction Histogram of measurements of x

Probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics Bohr-Einstein debate on spooky action at a distance Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment Measuring spin of a particle in the left detector instantaneously determines its value in the right detector

Aspect’s experiments: tests of Bell’s inequalities + - 1 2 q1 q2 S S Correlation function Classical theories with hidden variable require Cascade two photon transition in Ca-40. J=0->J=1->J=0 s- source of two polarized photons 1,2 – polarization analyzers set at angles theta 1,2 +/- horizontal/vertical channels Quantum mechanics predicts B=2.7 for the appropriate choice of q‘s and the state Experimentally measured value B=2.697. Phys. Rev. Let. 49:92 (1982)

Hanburry-Brown-Twiss experiments Classical theory of the second order coherence Hanbury Brown and Twiss, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A, 242, pp. 300-324 Measurements of the angular diameter of Sirius Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A, 248, pp. 222-237

Quantum theory of HBT experiments Glauber, Quantum Optics and Electronics (1965) HBT experiments with matter Experiments with neutrons Ianuzzi et al., Phys Rev Lett (2006) For bosons Experiments with electrons Kiesel et al., Nature (2002) Experiments with 4He, 3He Westbrook et al., Nature (2007) For fermions Experiments with ultracold atoms Bloch et al., Nature (2005,2006)

Shot noise in electron transport Proposed by Schottky to measure the electron charge in 1918 e- Spectral density of the current noise Related to variance of transmitted charge When shot noise dominates over thermal noise Poisson process of independent transmission of electrons

Shot noise in electron transport Current noise for tunneling across a Hall bar on the 1/3 plateau of FQE Etien et al. PRL 79:2526 (1997) see also Heiblum et al. Nature (1997) points with error bars – experiment open circles include a correction for finite tunneling

Quantum noise analysis of time-of-flight experiments with atoms in optical lattices: Hanburry-Brown-Twiss experiments and beyond Theory: Altman, Demler, Lukin, PRA 70:13603 (2004) Experiment: Folling et al., Nature 434:481 (2005); Spielman et al., PRL 98:80404 (2007); Tom et al. Nature 444:733 (2006)

Atoms in optical lattices Theory: Jaksch et al. PRL (1998) Experiment: Kasevich et al., Science (2001); Greiner et al., Nature (2001); Phillips et al., J. Physics B (2002) Esslinger et al., PRL (2004); Ketterle et al., PRL (2006)

Bose Hubbard model U t tunneling of atoms between neighboring wells repulsion of atoms sitting in the same well

Bose Hubbard model Superfluid phase Mott insulator phase M.P.A. Fisher et al., PRB40:546 (1989) N=3 Mott 4 Superfluid N=2 Mott 2 N=1 Mott Superfluid phase Weak interactions Mott insulator phase Strong interactions

Superfluid to insulator transition in an optical lattice M. Greiner et al., Nature 415 (2002) t/U Superfluid Mott insulator

Why study ultracold atoms in optical lattices

Fermionic atoms in optical lattices U Experiments with fermions in optical lattice, Kohl et al., PRL 2005

Same microscopic model Antiferromagnetic and superconducting Tc of the order of 100 K Atoms in optical lattice Antiferromagnetism and pairing at sub-micro Kelvin temperatures Same microscopic model

Positive U Hubbard model Possible phase diagram. Scalapino, Phys. Rep. 250:329 (1995) Antiferromagnetic insulator D-wave superconductor

Same microscopic model Atoms in optical lattice Same microscopic model Quantum simulations of strongly correlated electron systems using ultracold atoms Detection?

Quantum noise analysis as a probe of many-body states of ultracold atoms

Time of flight experiments Quantum noise interferometry of atoms in an optical lattice Second order coherence

Second order coherence in the insulating state of bosons Second order coherence in the insulating state of bosons. Hanburry-Brown-Twiss experiment Experiment: Folling et al., Nature 434:481 (2005)

Hanburry-Brown-Twiss stellar interferometer

Second order coherence in the insulating state of bosons Bosons at quasimomentum expand as plane waves with wavevectors First order coherence: Oscillations in density disappear after summing over Second order coherence: Correlation function acquires oscillations at reciprocal lattice vectors

Second order coherence in the insulating state of bosons Second order coherence in the insulating state of bosons. Hanburry-Brown-Twiss experiment Experiment: Folling et al., Nature 434:481 (2005)

Second order coherence in the insulating state of fermions Second order coherence in the insulating state of fermions. Hanburry-Brown-Twiss experiment Experiment: Tom et al. Nature 444:733 (2006)

How to detect antiferromagnetism

Probing spin order in optical lattices Correlation Function Measurements Extra Bragg peaks appear in the second order correlation function in the AF phase

How to detect fermion pairing Quantum noise analysis of TOF images is more than HBT interference

Second order interference from the BCS superfluid Theory: Altman et al., PRA 70:13603 (2004) n(k) n(r) n(r’) k F k BCS BEC

Momentum correlations in paired fermions Greiner et al., PRL 94:110401 (2005)

Fermion pairing in an optical lattice Second Order Interference In the TOF images Normal State Superfluid State measures the Cooper pair wavefunction One can identify unconventional pairing

Superexchange interaction in experiments with double wells Refs: Theory: A.M. Rey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99:140601 (2007) Experiment: S. Trotzky et al., Science 319:295 (2008)

Two component Bose mixture in optical lattice Example: . Mandel et al., Nature 425:937 (2003) t t Two component Bose Hubbard model

Quantum magnetism of bosons in optical lattices Duan, Demler, Lukin, PRL 91:94514 (2003) Ferromagnetic Antiferromagnetic

Observation of superexchange in a double well potential Theory: A.M. Rey et al., arXiv:0704.1413 J J Use magnetic field gradient to prepare a state Observe oscillations between and states

Preparation and detection of Mott states of atoms in a double well potential

Comparison to the Hubbard model Experiments: I. Bloch et al.

Beyond the basic Hubbard model Basic Hubbard model includes only local interaction Extended Hubbard model takes into account non-local interaction

Beyond the basic Hubbard model

Interference experiments with cold atoms

Interference of independent condensates Experiments: Andrews et al., Science 275:637 (1997) Theory: Javanainen, Yoo, PRL 76:161 (1996) Cirac, Zoller, et al. PRA 54:R3714 (1996) Castin, Dalibard, PRA 55:4330 (1997) and many more

Nature 4877:255 (1963)

Experiments with 2D Bose gas z Time of flight Experiments with 2D Bose gas Hadzibabic, Dalibard et al., Nature 441:1118 (2006) Experiments with 1D Bose gas S. Hofferberth et al. arXiv0710.1575

Interference of two independent condensates 1 r+d d 2 Clouds 1 and 2 do not have a well defined phase difference. However each individual measurement shows an interference pattern

Interference of fluctuating condensates Polkovnikov, Altman, Demler, PNAS 103:6125(2006) d Amplitude of interference fringes, x1 For independent condensates Afr is finite but Df is random x2 However recently experiments have been done on low dimensional systems where we know that fluctuations may not be neglected. For example here I consider interference between one dimensional condensates. This geometry follows experiments done with elongated condensates in microtraps in Jerg Schmidmayer’s group. If we look at the interference pattern coming from point x1, we get a perfect contrast. When we look at another point x2, we also find a perfect contrast. However two interference patterns will not be in phase with each other when condensates have fluctuations. So when we image by sending a laser beam along the axis we will find a reduced contrast. The lesson that we learn is that the reduction of the contrast contains information about phase fluctuations. Let us see how we can make this statement more Rigorous. For identical condensates Instantaneous correlation function

Fluctuations in 1d BEC Thermal fluctuations Quantum fluctuations Thermally energy of the superflow velocity Quantum fluctuations

Interference between Luttinger liquids Luttinger liquid at T=0 K – Luttinger parameter For non-interacting bosons and For impenetrable bosons and Finite temperature Experiments: Hofferberth, Schumm, Schmiedmayer

Distribution function of fringe amplitudes for interference of fluctuating condensates Gritsev, Altman, Demler, Polkovnikov, Nature Physics 2006 Imambekov, Gritsev, Demler, cond-mat/0612011 L is a quantum operator. The measured value of will fluctuate from shot to shot. Higher moments reflect higher order correlation functions We need the full distribution function of

Distribution function of interference fringe contrast Experiments: Hofferberth et al., arXiv0710.1575 Theory: Imambekov et al. , cond-mat/0612011 Quantum fluctuations dominate: asymetric Gumbel distribution (low temp. T or short length L) Thermal fluctuations dominate: broad Poissonian distribution (high temp. T or long length L) Intermediate regime: double peak structure Comparison of theory and experiments: no free parameters Higher order correlation functions can be obtained

Interference of two dimensional condensates Experiments: Hadzibabic et al. Nature (2006) Gati et al., PRL (2006) Lx Ly Lx Probe beam parallel to the plane of the condensates

Interference of two dimensional condensates Interference of two dimensional condensates. Quasi long range order and the KT transition Ly Lx Above KT transition Below KT transition

Experiments with 2D Bose gas Hadzibabic, Dalibard et al., Nature 441:1118 (2006) z Time of flight x Typical interference patterns low temperature higher temperature

Experiments with 2D Bose gas Hadzibabic et al., Nature 441:1118 (2006) x z integration over x axis integration distance Dx (pixels) Contrast after integration 0.4 0.2 10 20 30 middle T z low T high T integration over x axis z integration over x axis Dx z

Experiments with 2D Bose gas Hadzibabic et al., Nature 441:1118 (2006) 0.4 0.2 10 20 30 low T middle T high T fit by: Integrated contrast Exponent a central contrast 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 high T low T “Sudden” jump!? integration distance Dx if g1(r) decays exponentially with : if g1(r) decays algebraically or exponentially with a large :

Experiments with 2D Bose gas Experiments with 2D Bose gas. Proliferation of thermal vortices Hadzibabic et al., Nature 441:1118 (2006) Fraction of images showing at least one dislocation 10% 20% 30% central contrast 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 high T low T The onset of proliferation coincides with a shifting to 0.5!

Summary Experiments with ultracold atoms provide a new perspective on the physics of strongly correlated many-body systems. Quantum noise is a powerful tool for analyzing many body states of ultracold atoms Thanks to: