I. PENDAHULUAN Jadwal kuliah Silabi dan Kontrak Kuliah Dosen sebagai fasilitator, mahasiswa dituntut lebih aktif

Penilaian (SK Rektor UNS No. 459/H27/PP/2007 tentang Peraturan Kredit Semester & Perbaikan Peraturan Sistem Kredit Semester ) NA = rata-rata {(2*KD1 + 1*Prakt) + (2*KD2 + 1*Prakt) + (2*KD3 + 1*Prakt) + (2*KD4 + 1 *Prakt)} A ≥ 80C = 60 – 69 B = D = E ≤ 49TL

Mikrobia  organisme mikroskopis kelompok yg sangat besar dan beragam (biodiversitas sangat tinggi) sel tunggal, kelompok sel, non seluler (virus)

Microbiology The study of of organisms too small to be seen without magnification –bacteria –viruses –fungi –protozoa –algae

5 Branches of study within microbiology Immunology Public health microbiology & epidemiology Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology Biotechnology Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology

Berbagai Koloni Mikrobia ( colony forming unit, cfu )

BAKTERI

bintil akar

FUNGI (JAMUR)

Rhizopogon cokeri Amanita muscaria truffle mushroom

Variable Mycorrhizal Infection

Gigasporum gigantea

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Spores Extramatrical Hypha Arbuscule Vesicle

PROTOZOA

ALGAE

Eutrofikasi / blooming algae

Microbes are involved in nutrient production & energy flow decomposition production of foods, drugs & vaccines bioremediation causing disease

Mikrobiologi Industri

Impact of pathogens Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases 10 B infections/year worldwide 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

Tipe sel mikrobia

Characteristics of microbes

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek First to observe living microbes his single-lens magnified up to 300X ( )

Scientific Method Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted by observation & experimentation A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis & testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis Results must be published & repeated by other investigators.

If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence & survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a theory Evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached - it becomes a Law or principle

Spontaneous generation Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. (flies from manure, etc)

Louis Pasteur Showed microbes caused fermentation Disproved spontaneous generation of m.o. Developed aseptic techniques. Developed a rabies vaccine. ( )

Aseptic technique: methods for maintaining steril culture media and other steril objects free from microbial contamination during manipulation Culture medium: an aqueous solution of various nutrients suitable for the growth of m.o Enrichment culture: methods for isolating m.o. from nature using specific culture and incubation condition

Robert Koch Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific m.o. causes a particular disease. Developed pure culture methods. Identified cause of anthrax, TB, & cholera. ( )

Germ theory of disease Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

Taxonomy - system for organizing, classifying & naming living things Domain: Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya Kingdom: 5 (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus species

3 domains Eubacteria: true bacteria, peptidoglycan Archaea: odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc Eukarya: have a nucleus, & organelles

Kingdom Monera

Naming micoorganisms Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names Genus - noun, always capitalized species - adjective, lowercase Both italicized or underlined Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis) Escherichia coli(E. coli)

Evolution: living things change gradually over millions of years Changes favoring survival are retained & less beneficial changes are lost. All new species originate from preexisting species. Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms. Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity.