Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 477 Terrorism Theory Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali Theoretical Perspectives

Intro: n Demonology 1. Supernatural forces 2. Religion and the role of Church Classical School of Criminology n Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham n Free will n Severity of punishment n The “cause” of crime

Bentham n “utilitarianism” theory n Views on pain and pleasure n 4 factors to be considered: duration, intensity, certainty/uncertainty, propinquity or remoteness

n Today’s shift to focus on policies ands social circumstances n The transition to the Positivist School of Criminology n Going beyond free will The Biological School: Cesare Lombroso n Modern day perspectives

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME n The environment? n The micro vs. macro structure

The Chicago School n Shaw and McKay n Social disorganization n deteriorated neighborhoods, economically disadvantaged, weak social norms

Differential Association Theory u Edwin Sutherland ( ) u Association with others, but how does it take place? Differential Association and Behaviorism u Aker borrowed from Sutherland and incorporated behavior u Operant conditioning u Positive/negative reinforcement u Modeling others

Strain Theory n Robert Merton n Influenced by Emile Durkheim n Anomie and normlessness n Merton (unequal access to attain goals in society). SO WHAT? n 5 modes of adaptation

Neutralization Theory n Justification of behavior n Sykes and Matza’s 5 techniques (denial) The Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud n Id, Ego, Superego

Critical Sociological Theories of Crime n Addressing different issues of crime n Critical Theory: social justice as a legitimate end n Distribution of power in society n How power reflect the role of the CJ system n “conflict” or “radical”

Marxism n Karl Marx ( ) n Social Theorist: communism reflection n Marx’s critique of capitalism and its impact on social justice

n Argued (after studying capitalism system in Europe) that owners of means of production paid workers poorly and used government to pass laws that prevented reform n One with econ power controlled system n Institutions (churches, schools, etc…) under control of owner class n “false consciousness”

F Solution in response to “false consciousness” F Social class and power in society; corporate versus street crimes GENDER AND JUSTICE F Male versus female subjects F Feminist movements in 1960s F FEMINISM/FEMINIST views

Curran & Renzetti identify 3 ways crime can be perceived from feminist views: 1. LIBERAL FEMINISM and criminology F 2 issues: 1) power for accomplishment versus gender 2) behavioral approaches among men and women F The opportunity for women to commit crime 2. RADICAL FEMINIST crim F Sexism in a patriarchal society F Are we addressing their concerns?

3. SOCIALIST FEM crim u Social class and gender as a disadvantaged status u Social control as a reason for deviance and violence u Feminist perspective as a social movement INTEGRATED T u Bridging together different T and disciplines u Possible research designs u Social context within which crime exists