Legal Battles Southern Repression: Black Codes limited the freedoms of African Americans (land ownership, interracial marriage, etc.) and kept them close to slavery Republican Congress: Civil Rights Act of 1866 and 14 th Amendment conferred citizenship, forbade states to abridge “privileges and immunities,” “due process of law,” and “equal protection.”

Jim Crow Era Denial of Votes: poll tax, literacy tests, and grandfather clause Segregation: “Separate but equal” schools, public transportation and accommodations

Washington vs. Dubois Booker T. Washington: Accomodationist strategy of economic progress first W. E. B. Dubois: Priority in struggle for political equality