The Cell, Central Dogma and Human Genome Project

A Eukaryotic Cell (there is nucleus)

Central Dogma

Transcription and translation

Fundamentals of Nucleic Acids

DNA Base Pair & Double Helix

Strands come in pairs. Alternating sugar- phosphate backbone A,T,G,C variability in the side groups Nucleotide bonds are hydrogren bonds 3' ATTAGCCCAT 5' 5' TAATCGGGTA 3‘ the string "attagcccat" is bonded to its complement "atgggctaat".

From DNA to protein, Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

From Gene Code to Amino Acid: Codon Table

I. Protein Molecular Structure a) Protein is a polymer of amino acids. 20 Amino Acids ( Functional Groups) Peptide Bond Formation

Human genome project ( ) Goal: to determine the complete sequence of the 3 billion DNA subunits (bases), identify all human genes, and make them accessible for further biological study. Ref: (How Perl saved the Human Genome project?) Major Database and Data collection methods: Genbank: ( DNA sequence: shortgun gene sequencing (molecular biology + computation) Protein sequence: ORF finder, theoretical translation, Experimental: Proteolysis +Mass spectrometry Protein structure db: ( x-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) spectroscopy Protein structure modeling: Genomewide expression data (RNA): Gene chip (microarray technology) special gene chips: microRNA chip SNP chip Protein-protein interaction (Proteomics): 2D gel, mass spectrometry

NCBI (Natl Center Biotech Information) - GenBank EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) - EMBL NIAS, Japan (National Institute of Agrobiological systems) (genebank, DNA and proteins) KEGG (pathways database) ExPASy - SwissProt and TrEMBL: Database of annotated proteins Database for predicting protein structure using homology modeling Prosite: Database of protein active sites Structure Databases: PDB (Protein Data Bank): pdb.org/ pdb.org/ Data base of Protein tertiary structures SCOP: CATH: Primary Biological information databases

Tools and Tutorial: BLAST, Structure, PubMed, OMIM, Taxbrowser (Information Engineering)

Significance of the Genomics Revolution data driven biology – functional genomics – comparative genomics – systems biology molecular medicine – identification of genetic components of various maladies – diagnosis/prognosis from sequence/expression – gene therapy pharmacogenomics – developing highly targeted drugs – predicting adverse effects or efficacy on individual basis toxicogenomics – elucidating which genes are affected by various chemicals