Intelligent Sensor Network for Extreme Environments I.S.N.E.E Group Members: Iiga, Tiffany Irvine, Joshua Liang, Mary Yuen, Faye

Network Detect Contribute N.A.S.A. Dr. Chris McKay

Work will span 3 semesters: –Fall 2005 – Research –Spring 2006 – Design –Fall 2006 – Build and Test

Joshua – “Biosensor”, LIFE, Research Mary – Circuit Design, “Biosensor”, Research, record-keeping Tiffany – Networking/Communication, Circuit Design, Technological Research Faye – Hardware, Power, Budget, Website Maintenance, Research

Proof of Concept –Biology –Detection –Circuit –Design –Networking –Casing/Power Semester in Review

Proof of Concept Biology Detection Circuit Networking Casing/Power

Life I KINOHI HANA KE AKUA I KA LANI A ME KA HONUA.

Indicators for life?

Definition (1) Reproduce(2) Metabolize

The Cell multi-cellular organisms (us) Own organism (i.e. bacteria)

ProkaryotesEukaryotes Typical organismsbacteria, archaeaprotists, fungi, plants, animals Typical size~1-10 micrometers~ micrometers Types of nucleusnucleiod region; no real nucleusreal nucleus w/double membrane DNAcircular (usually)linear molecules Ribosomesyes Cytoplasmatic structurevery few structureshighly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton Mitochondiranoyes Chloroplastsnoin algae and plants (not animal cells) organizationsingle cellssingle cells, colonies, higher multicellular organisms w/specialized cells Cell Divisionbinary fission (simple)Mitosis and Meiosis (complex) Lipid MembraneYES

Animal Cell Not in animal cells: Chloroplasts; Central vacuole & tonoplast; Cell wall; Plasmodesmata

Plant Cell Not in plant cells: Lysomes; Centriole; Flagella (in some plant sperm)

Biological Membrane Acts as a barrier within or around a cell Composed of phospholipids Selective permeable structure –Actual properties of atom will determine the successful crossing of the biological membrane ATOMSMEMBRANE

Phospholipids Hydrophilic Head Hydrophobic Tails

Lipid Membrane LIPIDS & PROTEINS

Lipid Membrane Function: BARRIER Essential biological Functions: –I–Immune response –N–Neurotransmission –C–Cell adherence –C–Cell growth and differentiation –C–Cell metabolism –P–Photosynthesis

Spores

Definitions –(1) Reproductive Mechanism –(2) Protection Mechanism

Dormancy Recognition Scarcity of Resources –Food & water Temperature & Pressure Increases –DNA Denatures

The Change Peptidoglycan

Function: Strength and Structure –Ultraviolet/Gamma Radiation –Desiccation –Temperature –Lysozyme –Starvation –Chemical Disinfectants

Summary: Biology Bio-signs –Indicative to “Life” Lipid Membrane Peptidoglycan Gel Stains –Antigen/Antibody specific –Spyro Ruby DNA Light reaction Passive

Proof of Concept Biology Detection Circuit Networking Casing/Power

Biological Detection

Sensors Translation of data into useful information

Sensor: Nose NOSE NERVE CELLBRAIN OLFACTORY MEMBRANE

Biosensors BIOLOGICAL DETECTOR TRANSDUCER MEASURING DEVICE ANALYTE

Bio-detector Release chemicals Gel stains LED Reaction Detection

Bio-detector Mote Gel Stains Data Process Photodiode Array

Photodiode Semiconductor Substrate (pn)

Photon Electron Excited electronAtom Photon released

Array Semicoa –Small dark current –-45 to +80 degrees celsius –Range: 400 to 1100 nm –Small size (5mm)

Proof of Concept Biology Detection Circuit Networking Casing/Power

I.S.N.E.E Satellite Internet (our website) CN

Motes Definition Focus –Prototype Environmental (BLUE) Super Mote (RED)

Design Specs COTS Autonomous Robust Reliable data transmission –Meterological –Biological

Environmental Mote Components Jennic JN5121 Wireless Microcontroller Atmospheric Pressure Sensor Wind Sensor Solar Panels Rechargeable NimH batteries External Antenna

Super Mote Components Jennic JN5121 Wireless Microcontroller Atmospheric Sensor Wind Sensor Biodector Solar Panels Rechargeable NimH batteries External Antenna

Block Diagram Power Supply Microprocessor (chip) CameraRF Flash Protective Casing

JN5121 Power Module 12-V NiMH Rechargeable Batteries 12-V to 3-V Converter Solar Panels Communications Antenna Router Programmable Protocol Microcontroller Microprocessor Counter/Timer A/D Converter Flash Memory External Power Supply Solar Panels Rechargeable NiMH Batteries Internal Sensors Temperature Humidity Light External Sensors Atmospheric Pressure Wind ENVIRONMENTAL MOTE

JN5121 Power Module 12-V NiMH Rechargeabl e Batteries 12-V to 3-V Converter Solar Panels Microcontroller Microprocesso r Counter/Timer A/D Converter Flash Memory External Power Supply Communications Antenna Router Programmable Protocol Internal Sensors Temperature Humidity Light External Sensor Biosensor Photodiod e Array Gel Stains LEDs Atmospheric Pressure Wind Solar Panels Rechargeable NiMH Batteries SUPER MOTE

Wireless Microcontroller Module Jennic JN5121Internal networking system, microcontroller, selected sensors Software Development Kit

JN5121

Proof of Concept Biology Detection Circuit Networking Casing/Power

Networking System Flow Chart Satellite RF Digital Internet (our website) CN RF  Digital Digital

Networking System Mesh Network Allows for multiple paths to transmit data Most coverage around our Super Motes RF to transmit mote to mote

Wireless Microcontroller Kit Jennic JN5121- EK000 Evaluation Kit Controller Board (1) Sensor Boards (4) Software Development Kit

Proof of Concept Biology Detection Circuit Networking Casing/Power

CASING

Cone Shape Circular base eliminates stress points Heavier bottom Angled sides reduce dust build up and allow maximum absorption by solar panels

Diagram Solar Panels

POWER SUPPLY

Circuit Diagram Solar Cells Rechargeable NiMH Batteries Schottky Diode

Specifications Required Voltage: 2.2 V V Required Current: 1uA - 50 mA

Supplies Flexible thin film solar modules –6 Volts –100 mA –L x W x T = 4.5 x 5.9 x 0.01 inches Rechargeable NiMH batteries –6 Volts –1800 mAH –AA size Schottky Diode

Calculations Solar Cells –Maximum Power Point = (6 V)(0.1 A) –Input Light Irradiance = W/m 2 –Surface Area of Solar Cells = m 2 –Energy Conversion Efficiency = 5.95% Batteries –Power Provided = (6 V)(1800 mA) = 10.8 W Mote –Power Consumed = (3.6 V)(50 mA) = 0.18 W (1.67% of batteries)

NiMH vs. NiCd Batteries Anode is a hydrogen absorbing alloy Lower memory effect allows it to hold more charge (don’t need to fully discharge before recharging) Greater capacity – longer run times Anode is cadmium (harmful to environment) Best suited for devices that require a lot of power (ex. RC cars, aeroplanes) Maintained by a continuous low current

Schottky Diode Prevents battery discharge at night Low forward-voltage drop Fast switching Typically used for solar cell protection

Proof of Concept Design Semester in Review

Finances

ITEMCOST Protective casing for 10 motes$300 Printed Circuit Board for 10 motes$400 Smart Dust Chips for 10 motes$1,000 Sensors for 10 motes$300 TOTAL:$2,000 Projected Spending Spring ‘06

Requisition for Funds Spring ‘06 Sources of FundingAMOUNT N.A.S.A. Fellowship: Faye$500 N.A.S.A. Fellowship: Mary$500 Astrobiology Department$1, TOTAL:$2,034

Spending Spring ‘06 SpendingCOSTQUANTITYTOTAL Schottky Diodes*$ $1.45 Rechargable NiMH batteries*$17.755$88.75 Solar modules*$23.755$ Epoxy glue*$17.492$34.98 Solar cell batter charger module*$16.955$84.75 Jennic mesh networking kit$1, Total$1, LEFT OVER FUNDS: $671.32

Anticipated Funds Fall ‘06 Sources of FundingAMOUNT N.A.S.A. Fellowship: Faye$500 N.A.S.A. Fellowship: Mary$500 N.A.S.A Fellowship: Josh$500 TOTAL:$1,500

Anticipated Spending Fall ‘06 Future ExpendituresCOSTQUANTITYTOTAL Photodiode Arrays$5001 LEDs, Chemicals$5001 Miscellaneous$2001 Travel Expenses: Big Island Airfare$2004$800 Hotel$1501 Transportation$1002$200 Total$2,350

Problems Timing Proof of Concept –Biology –Networking –Documentation Funding Focus Intelligent Sensor Networks for Extreme Environments ProjectSpring ‘06 JanFebMarAprMay Design Meet with Dr. Edo Biagioni, PODS researcher Meet with Dr. Daniel Jenkins, BE Professor Meet with Dr. Vicky Hamilton, Mars "expert" Meet with Andy Boal, Chemistry Understand how the sensors and network works Design schematic layouts Design printed circuit board (if needed) Test components Decide on a protective casing for each mote Create an estimated budget Secure funding for supplies Purchase all materials needed to build

Initial Goals: Spring 2006 Design Indicative Bio-signs Order parts Test parts Casing Power supply

Goals Accomplished Design Indicative Bio-signs Order parts Test parts Casing Power supply

Future Approach Prototype –Components –Miniaturization – Eco-friendly Bio-detector –Design & Develop –Testing Interface –User Software –Debugger

Acknowledgements We would like to extend a warm MAHALO to the following individuals for their support, contribution, and assistance to this project (in alphabetical order): Dr. Dale Anderson Dr. Edo Biagioni Dr. Kim Binsted Dr. Andrew Boal Mr. Brian Chee Dr. Victoria Hamilton Mr. Johnson Hung Dr. Daniel Jenkins Dr. Chris McKay Dr. Wei Wen Winston Su Dr. Alan Waggoner Mr. Andrew Yasui Frank V., CEO of TechCom Systems More importantly, we would like to thank our sponsors for the financial support: Hawaii Astrobiology Institute Hawaii Space Grant Consortium N.A.S.A Space Fellowship

Works Consulted

~MAHALO~ ¿Questions?

Soil

Criterion BEFORE Soil Testing 1.You would have to be able to determine if the water table is at most 1 meter below ground 2.Use soil particle size to correlate to water 3.Determine pH of soil 4.Measure carbon sources ALL LEADS TO A BETTER EDUCATED GUESS FOR DETERMINING THE EXISTANCE OF BIOSIGNS