Brown Bag Buildings David E. Culler Building Innovations Workshop Feb 24, 2009

What they say about buldings Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007 The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since % Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since % Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas. Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

EPA Nat Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 30% of energy consumed in buildings is wasted 66% electrical, 34% gas and other 15.5 kWh per square foot * 2003 EIA Commercial Building Consumption Survey

How ‘bout Berkeley Buildings? Stanley Koshland Soda Cory LSA McCone National average

Soda…Green? 511 kw average power consumption 4.5 M kwh per year 41.2 kwh/sq ft annually 3 times national average

State of the Art Building Energy Monitoring

With a little programming … Do nothing well …

Peaks or Baseline?

Where does it all go? Lighting? Heating, Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC)? Plug Loads – desktops, laptops, kitchenettes? Servers? Microfab?

Structural: Soda Electrical 12 KV dist. 2x Substation 1200 A 277/480 3 phase 2500 A 120/208 3 phase 2x Chiller MCM1 HP1A 400 HP1A 400 HP2A 600 HP3A 400 HP4A 400 HP5A 400 HP6A 100 HP7A 400 MCM2 Lighting Pumps Fans Machine Rooms Offices Classrooms LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP1A 400 LP2A 800 HP3A 400 HP4A 400 HP5A 400 HP6A 100 HP7A 400 LP1B 400 LP2B 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP3B 225 LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP4B 225 LP2E 225 LP2C 225 LP5B 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP2B 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP2B 225 LP2K 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2K 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 ~42 circuits each

Structural: Soda HVAC Blow cold air throughout building Maintain circulation Adjust cooling with vents and VFDs Heat it where needed AC determined by needs of the worst heat load –Comm closet 2x chillers Cooling Towers Pumps Fans Machine Room ACCs

SCADA portion 1300 sense / ctrl points in Soda Hall Vast database of action / effect No science to turning all the knobs

Some initial steps When you don’t (cant) have the sensors you want, get as much as you can with the ones you have. Take inventory Build models Point measurements Sample in time, space, population

Blueprint Analysis of Lighting Total Provisioning: 193 kVA How much is Active? Idle?

HVAC components Chillers2 x 130 kw Colling Towers:2 x 33.2 kw Computer Room units:12 x 45 kVA AHU SF: 3.2 kw AHU RF: 2.3 kw Economizers:4 x 2.6 kw Supply fans:4 x 2.3 kw Pumps:2 x 9.3 kw + 2 x 14 kw Compressors:2 x 5 kw - It’s all duty cycle

Estimating the Server Load Forsake temporal dimension Inventory the servers Measure their idle and active power Estimate total load

Research Server Rooms Machines Ganglia

Server Power Consumption Do nothing well

Putting it Together x 1/PDU efficiency + ACC If P idle = 0 we’d save ~125 kw x 24 hours x 365 …

Breaking Soda down Servers / Clusters HVAC / CRU / PDU support Lighting HVAC & Plug Loads

Plug Loads 1178 Hosts (desktops, laptops, switches) in network database –Power profile, duty cycle? Kitchens Projectors …

Subset (plugs) of a region (RAD lab)

Working up from the leaves …

Sample of the RAD Lab “population” ApplianceActualMeasured Desktop42 Laptop256 LCD254 Refrigerator11 Coffee maker11 Projector62 Xbox11 Conf. phone51

Rad Lab Power Usage (72 hours)

Guess this load… HP desktop Workstation Idle Power Active Power Duty Cycle

Guess this Load … Dell Dimension desktop Idle Power Half the idle power!

Guess this Load … Thinkpad T61 laptop Active power actually depends on what it is doing Actually sleeps! Midnight madness…

Guess this Load … MacBook Pro laptop

Guess this Load … Sun 24’’ LCD

Guess this Load … 15’’ IBM LCD Not so big and beautiful, But a whole lot greener! Busy person

Guess this Load … Desktop + monitor

Guess this Load … Laptop + monitor Windows “turns off” monitor Monitor “unplugged” screensaver

Guess this Load … HP B&W laser printer

Guess this Load … HP color laser printer

Guess this Load … CRT TV

Guess this Load … Sanyo HD projector

Guess this Load … Polycom Phone

Guess this Load … Refrigerator

Guess this Load … Coffee maker

Guess this Load … Water dispenser

Composite Power Picture Monitor On, Unplugged Desktop Idle inauguration Projector left On Clean Shutdown

The Rad Lab Power Pie

Relationship to the Bigger Picture

UCB today Consumes 210 M kwh annually [campus sustainability assessment] Buildings 130 M kwh annually [demandless] –approx $13 M Top 15 buildings are 2-4 time national average khw/sq ft and constitute 58% of the 130 M IT is a big part of the problem IT can potentially be a big part of the solution –We need to gain most of the reduction by utilizing existing facilities better –“Physical” Information processing to identify where the energy goes, what to change and how. –Big gains come from changing behavior, and this is most effective from the bottom up. –IT is key to providing the energy awareness to guide action

Auto-DR Study Tweak the facilities knobs Change Behavior

Further evidence that behavior matters 3x difference in consumption for same setting

Staged Energy Awareness Export existing facilities instrumentation into real-time feed and archival physical information base –Retain isolation of facilities control Augment with usage-focused sensing –Numerous emerging products, possible flagship Create highly visible consumer feedback and remediation guidance –Think Pruis, not web page. Localized solutions. Sponsor whole-building dynamic models Expect it to generate maintenance work orders

Resources or-meeting/4bi_officebuilding.pdfhttp:// or-meeting/4bi_officebuilding.pdf