TDC /502, Summer II Unit 2: Underlying Technologies Transmission media (Section 3.1. Read on your own) Local Area Networks (LANs) –Ethernet (CSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection, IEEE 802.3) –Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) Switching –Circuit switching –Packet switching Datagram approach Virtual circuit approach Wide Area Networks (WANs) –PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) –X.25 –Frame Relay –ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)- cell relay Interconnecting devices – repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways Shared media v.s. switched LAN architecture

TDC /502, Summer II IEEE 802 LAN Layers

TDC /502, Summer II Ethernet LANs Features 1) Widest Industry Use and Acceptance a) Product Availability b) Many Vendors c) Low Cost d) High Knowledge Base 2) Standardized for Multiple Media Types a) Twisted Pair (10Base-T) b) Optical Fiber (10Base-F, FOIRL) c) Coaxial Cable (10Base2, 10Base5) d) Also high-speed Ethernets

TDC /502, Summer II Ethernet Problems 1) Coaxial Cable Networks Hard to Troubleshoot a) Faulty connections and electrical failures hard to find b) Improper grounding can cause stray voltages c) Static electricity d) Non-standard hardware e) Problems are often intermittent 2) Ethernet Lacks Built-In Network Monitoring 3) Ethernet Lacks Any Priority Mechanism 4) Station Transmission Time May Grow Large under High Loads

TDC /502, Summer II Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) The basic idea: When a station has a frame to transmit: 1) Listen for Data Transmission on Cable (Carrier Sense) 2) When Medium is Quiet (no other station transmitting): a) Transmit Frame, Listening for Collision b) If collision is heard, stop transmitting, wait random time, and transmit again. Frame format This portion must be at least 64 bytes for the Ethernet to work correctly

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-9

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-11

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-12

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-13

TDC /502, Summer II Token Ring Features 1) Predictable Performance a) Unlike Ethernet, there is a fixed limit on how long a station must wait to transmit frame. b) Eight data priority levels ensure that important data get sent first. 2) Ring-of -Stars Topology a) Star layout is well understood. b) Ring is easily expanded by adding additional Multistation Access Units (MAUs) c) Only point-to-point data connections used. 3) Self-Monitoring and Reconfiguration Capabilities a) Active Monitor station recovers from any token operation problems. b) If any station goes down it will be detected and removed from the ring. c) Any single cable can be cut or disconnected and network will reconfigure and continue operation.

TDC /502, Summer II Token Ring Features (continued.) 4) IBM Support a) IBM SNA data and LAN data can travel together on same token ring. b) Token Ring is an integral part of IBM future networking. Disadvantages of Token Ring 1) Higher price for NICs 2) Limited support for non-IBM products. a) Fewer products available for Token Ring than Ethernet b) Ethernet is still at the heart of some vendors’ future network plans. Note: For this course, you do not need to know the details of Token Ring frame format

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-14 Token Ring Operation

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-19 Circuit Switching Dedicated physical connections Source and destination operate at the same speed Data arrive in sequence

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-20 Packet Switching- Datagram approach Packet Switching Store-and-forward Source and destination may operate at different rates

TDC /502, Summer II Connectionless No connection setup necessary before sending data Each packet sent independently Each packet may take different path to destination Each packet contains complete destination address Packets may arrive out-of-order (transport layer must do reordering) Network load is completely unpredictable Protocol Examples: IP, Novell IPX, AppleTalk Packet Switching- Datagram approach

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-21 Packet switching – Virtual circuit approach

TDC /502, Summer II Connection-oriented Sender sends a Setup Request packet to establish a virtual circuit before sending data Setup Request passes through all router/switches on path from source to destination Path is assigned a Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCID) Each router/switch stores information about each VC Any router/switch or destination may deny the setup request (like a busy signal). When finished, Sender sends Clear Request to tear down VC. Each data packet contains VCID, not full source and destination addresses All packets follow same path and arrive in order Network load can be controlled through admissions control (denying setup requests if busy) Protocol Examples: X.25, Frame Relay, ATM Packet switching – Virtual circuit approach

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-22 Point-to-point protocol (PPP) frame WAN PPP commonly used for dial-up access to the internet (connect through a phone line to the access router) can also be used in a point-to-point link between two devices such as routers

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-23 X.25 (Connection-oriented) X.25 - An interface protocol to access the network Not defined by X.25

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-25 Hop-by-hop error and flow control in X.25 is not necessary for newer more reliable networks.

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-28 ATM cells (Small fixed-size data units)

TDC /502, Summer II Figure 3-29

TDC /502, Summer II Internetworking Terms

TDC /502, Summer II

TDC /502, Summer II

TDC /502, Summer II Transparent Bridge DA: Destination Address SA: Source Address

TDC /502, Summer II Shared-Media vs. Switched LAN Architecture