Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001 Photograph from CAMNET web site ( PM 2.5 concentration at this time in the 9-11  g/m 3 range

Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 8, 2001 PM 2.5 concentration at this time in the  g/m 3 range Photograph from CAMNET web site (

PM10 - causes and features Total acidity, tar Total acidity, tar Nitrates, sulphates (?) Nitrates, sulphates (?) Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg,...) Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg,...) Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Nitro Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nitro Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sooth / Elemental Carbon (EC) Sooth / Elemental Carbon (EC) Speciation of particulate matter

Fonte: ARPA

Scaling  selecting representative sites

Origin of fine particle concentrations (PM10) measured on a busy traffic spot

Sectors contributing to within the city...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources within the city...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources

Sourceapportionment  summary table Source apportionment  summary table

PM10-source attribution  summary (i) construction more than 5% PM 10 emissions by construction contribute to more than 5% of the urban PM - background 70%of urban background transport 70% of urban background PM10 can be attributed to transport sources tyre abrasionresuspended particulates, more than half of traffic related PM10 stems from tyre abrasion and resuspended particulates, which depends on the number of vehicles * We need to tackle exhaust and non-exhaust emissions by traffic

PM10-source attribution  summary (ii) 1/3 outside Berlin 0More than 1/3 of roadside PM 10 - pollution can be traced back to sources outside of the Greater Berlin agglomeration 40% secondary 0more than 40% of PM10-pollution are secondary particles 0PM10-episodes regional/large scale transport 0PM10-episodes are often dominated by regional/large scale transport of PM * We need a fare balance between l efforts on EU-level and l local measures when reviewing the preliminary PM-limit values for 2010

monitoring siteslocal, urban & regional select monitoring sites representative for local, urban & regional background calculate calculate PM-pollution originating with each of these scale categories urbannational urbanbackground regional background take urban (Berlin) and national (German) emissions for PM, SO2, NOx, VOC and NH4 per sector for attributing pollution of urban background and regional background origin, respectively distribute PM emissions among EC (elemental carbon), OC (organic carbon)- components and “rest” VOCOC attach VOC -related ‘component’ to OC PM-source apportionment  approach (i)

weighting factors apply weighting factors to “resuspension” and high sources, so as to account for different dispersion characteristic sector’s percentage share calculate each sector’s percentage share on the total emissions percentages as a key apportionmentamong sectors for measured PM-components originating in urban & regional background: use these percentages as a key for apportionment among sectors for local (traffic) scale: allocate “rest” to resuspended road dust, EC & OC to exhaust and tyre emissions PM-source apportionment  approach (ii)

Trend and projection of emission of particulates in Berlin

Control measures already on the way National Emission Ceilings cleaner vehicles (Dir 98/69) cleaner fuels (Dir 98/70) particle filter for all public buses further substitution of coal by gas, oil and district-heating total: needed: ~ 2% ~ 5% ~ 3% ~ 2 % ~14% ~25% Expected total PM 10 reduction by 2005

Control measures  possible further actions *accelerated turnover of car fleet  tax incentives for EURO III-V  gas-driven vehicles in captured fleets (taxis, driving schools, refuse collection,...) *full supply of sulfur free diesel *no more coal heating *strong reduction (50%) of PM emission by construction *reduction (50%) of resuspension in main roads ~ ?% ~ 3% ~ 2% ~ 3% ~ 7% Expected total PM 10 reduction by 2005

I I I B B E E E EE S S S UK F F CH D IS Concentrazione media di PM 2.5 in inverno Panoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov Feb 2001 Concentrazione media di PM 2.5 in inverno Panoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov Feb 2001 E Papa è a letto

Soglia di attenzione 50 µg/m 3 Soglia di allarme 75 µg/m 3 Superamento soglia di allarme PM10 Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002 TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2 Superamento soglia di allarme PM10 Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002 TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2 UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO-BICOCCA AGENZIA REGIONALE PROTEZIONE AMBIENTALE-LOMBARDIA

Importance for Northern Italy Short-term effects of air pollution locally confirmed Very high pollution levels, compared to rest of Europe High density of major sources of pollution: traffic! some effects appear to be stronger in Italy: interaction with other high level pollutants such as Ozone ! Cambridge1.ppt

Conclusion Air pollution has adverse effects on health Evidence is strongest for short-term effects; long-term effects should be better investigated, in Europe PM’s are an important aspect of air pollution, but other pollutants and the mixture may be relevant, too The impact on public health is substantial, in Italy and Europe Some ‘experimental evidence’ that improvements in air quality lead to health benefits very fastly (short-term effects) Cambridge1.ppt