Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymer Chapter 22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

A polymer is a high molar mass molecular compound made up of many repeating chemical units. Naturally occurring polymers Proteins Nucleic acids Cellulose Rubber Synthetic polymers Nylon Dacron Lucite

1839 년 Charles Goodyear 가 천연고무 (latex) 에 황을 가하여 타이어용의 고무 대량생산 고무의 내열 특성 때문에 타이어에 적합 History of Polymers

1870 년 미국 John Hyatt 셀루로이드 (nitrocellulose + camphor) 개발 – 영국의 Alexander Parkes 가 최초 개발한 Parksine 을 응용 – 상아 대체 - 당구공 제조회사의 만 달러 공모 1907 년 Leo Baekeland 가 Bakelite( 페놀 - 포름알데히드수지 ) 개발, 대량 생산 1938 년 Dow 사는 폴리스티렌 대량생산 1939 년 듀퐁사는 나일론 (nylon-6,6) 을 대량생산하여 스타킹 판매 시작. 고분자 화학 발달에 계기

5 Wallace Carothers, inventor of Nylon (1930 at DuPont). ( )

In a landmark paper published in 1920, Staudinger concluded the structure of rubber and other polymeric substances: “polymers were long chains of short repeating molecular units linked by covalent bonds.” Staudinger termed makromoleküls paved the way for the birth of the field of polymer chemistry. Hermann Staudinger(1953 Nobel Prize for chemistry)

Nobel laureates in polymer science 화학 물리 H. Staudinger ( ) A.J.Heeger A.G. MacDiarmid H.Shirakawa ( ) (1927- ) (1936- ) 1963 K. Ziegler G. Natta ( ) ( ) P.J.Flory (1936- ) 1974 P.-G de Gennes (1932- ) 1991

Polymers Polyethylene: most common plastic from the monomer ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) ethylene polyethylene

The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer. Homopolymer a polymer made up of only one type of monomer

Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers Styrene-butadiene rubber ( CH CH 2 CH 2 CH CH CH 2 ) n random block graft alternating Buna S

on same side Isotactic alternate Syndiotactic at random Atactic Stereoisomers of Polymers R groups

Protein: Peptide bonding Peptide bonds Amino acid → polypeptide → protein carbonyl amino

Protein Structure Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen R group Hydrogen The structure is held in position by intramolecular hydrogen bonds (………)

Protein Structure

Intermolecular Forces in a Protein Molecule ionic forces hydrogen bonds dispersion forces dispersion forces dispersion forces dipole-dipole forces

Hydrogen Bonds in Parallel and Antiparallel  -pleated Sheets

Protein Structure The structural changes that occur when oxygen binds to the heme group in hemoglobin.hemoglobin

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are high molar mass polymers that play an essential role in protein synthesis. 1.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2.Ribonucleic acid (RNA) DNA molecule has 2 helical strands. Each strand is made up of nucleotides.

The Components of the Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA

Base-Pair Formation by Adenine and Thymine and by Cytosine and Guanine

Chemistry In Action: DNA Fingerprinting