BAGIAN 3 The Analysis of Financial Statements
2(C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. The Analysis of Financial Statements This chapter will develop tools and techniques for the interpretation of financial information
Tools and Techniques Common-size financial statements Financial ratios Trend analysis Structural analysis These include: Most important: Common sense and judgment
Common-Size Financial Statements Express each account on the balance sheet as a percentage of total assets and each account on the income statement as a percentage of net sales
Key Financial Ratios Standardize financial data in terms of mathematical relationships expressed in the form of percentages or times
Liquidity Ratios: Short-Term Solvency Measures ability to meet short-term cash needs Current Ratio
Liquidity Ratios: Short-Term Solvency Continued Measures ability to meet short-term cash needs more rigorously Quick or Acid-Test Ratio
Liquidity Ratios: Short-Term Solvency Continued Focuses on ability of the firm to generate operating cash flows as a source of liquidity Cash Flow Liquidity Ratio *Cash flow from operating activities
Liquidity Ratios: Short-Term Solvency Continued Helps gauge liquidity of accounts receivable (ability to collect cash from customers) Average Collection Period
Liquidity Ratios: Short-Term Solvency Continued Is the average number of days it takes to sell inventory to customers Days Inventory Held
Liquidity Ratios: Short-Term Solvency Continued Is the average number of days it takes to pay accounts payables in cash Days Payable Outstanding
Activity Ratios: Assets Liquidity, Asset Management Efficiency Another measure of efficiency of firm’s collection and credit policies Accounts Receivable Turnover
Activity Ratios: Assets Liquidity, Asset Management Efficiency Con’t Measures efficiency of inventory management Inventory Turnover
Activity Ratios: Assets Liquidity, Asset Management Efficiency Con’t Another measure of efficiency of inventory management Payables Turnover
Activity Ratios: Assets Liquidity, Asset Management Efficiency Con’t Assesses effectiveness in generating sales from investment in fixed assets Fixed Asset Turnover
Activity Ratios: Assets Liquidity, Asset Management Efficiency Con’t Assesses effectiveness in generating sales from investment in total assets Total Asset Turnover
Leverage Ratios: Debt Financing and Coverage Measures the extent of firm’s financing with debt Debt Ratio
Leverage Ratios: Debt Financing and Coverage Con’t. Measures the extent of firm’s financing with long- term debt Long-term Debt to Total Capitalization
Leverage Ratios: Debt Financing and Coverage Con’t Measures the extent of firm’s financing with debt Debt to Equity
Leverage Ratios: Debt Financing and Coverage Con’t Indicates how well operating earnings cover fixed interest charges Times Interest Earned
Leverage Ratios: Debt Financing and Coverage Con’t Broader measure of how well operating earnings cover fixed charges Fixed Charge Coverage
Leverage Ratios: Debt Financing and Coverage Con’t Measures firm’s ability to cover capital expenditures, long-term debt payments and dividends each year Cash Flow Adequacy