Women In Science Order of Presentation: Amanda Hanson Alex Barger Ashley Petrillo Catherine Ndungh

Table of Contents Page 1- Title Page 2- Table of Contents Page 3 to 4- Marie Curie Page 5 to 6- Florence Nightingale Page 7 to 8- Anna Comnena Page 9 to 11- Amalie Emmy Noether Page 12- Citations

Marie (Madame/Marja) Curie (Sklodowska) November 07,1867: Born in Warsaw, Poland 1891: went to Paris, France after her gynecologist sister to continue studies at the Sorbonne 1894: Met Pierre Curie 1895: Married Pierre/Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays 1896: Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds 1897: First child born (Irene) 1898: found that thorium compounds emit Becquerel rays, as well/ invented the word (radio activity—based on the Latin word for ray) 1902: Isolated pure radium 1903: Dr. of Science degree/ Won 1/2 of a Nobel prize with her husband and Henry Becquerel for study into spontaneous radiation 1904: Established use of radiation therapy for cancer and lupus/ wrote Recherches sur les Substances Radioactives/ second child born (Eve) 1906: Pierre got run over by a horse drawn carriage and died (1 month after Marie took his place as Professor of General Physics in the Faculty of sciences-first time a woman held this position in sorbonne)

1910: wrote “L’Isotopie et les Elements Isotopes” and “Traite’ de Radioactivite” 1911: Became member of the “Conseil du Physique Solvay” till death/ got second nobel prize in Chemistry for work in radioactivity/ denied election to French Academy of Science by one vote (she refused to be resubmitted and refused to let the Academy publish her work for ten years) 1914: Director of Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of Paris 1920: Curie Foundation established to work on medical apps for radium 1921: President Harding (US) gave one gram of pure radium for service in science 1922: Became member of the “Committee of Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations” 1924: Published her husband’s biography 1929: President Hoover (US) gave gift of $50,000 (from American friends of science) to purchase radium for use in the lab in Warsaw During WW1: Supported French war effort/ Put prize winnings to war bonds and fitted ambulances with portable x-ray equipment for medical purposes/ established 200 permanent x-ray installations in France and Belgium After the War: Irene became assistant at the lab (Both got leukemia) Marie got cataracts attributed to the decline in thier vision Retired to a Sanatorium with daughter (Eve) July 04, 1934: Died in her mid 60s in Savoy, France Her notes are still too radioactive to handle

Florence Nightingale Claim to fame: Nightingale is what who we would consider to be the first “modern” nurse. Born: May12, 1820 (Florence, Italy) Parents: William Edward Nightingale and Francis Nightingale A “calling from God” led her to study nursing, much to the dismay of her parents Claim to fame: Nightingale is what who we would consider to be the first “modern” nurse. Crimean War (1854) – Nightingale was greeted with soldiers in poor conditions, poor hygiene Nightingale was adamant that conditions improve and they did! The casualty rate went from 42.7 to 2.2 percent due to Nightingale’s efforts 1855 – Nightingale became sick from Crimean fever 1856 – Nightingale meets Queen Victoria

Nightingale fund Influenced nurses working in the Civil War Suggestions for Thought – Nightingale’s book (feminism) Proponent of women’s rights, they should be able to have careers Died: August 13, 1910 (At age 90 of chronic fatigue syndrome) Birthday = International CFS Awareness Day Conclusion: Nightingale was instrumental in the field of nursing by raising the standard of care, with an emphasis on helping the impoverished. In raising the standard of care, she greatly increased the patients’ chances for survival

Anna Comnena

A Byzantine princess, political figure, medieval historian, medical writer Known as the first person to write a history. She studied the classics and wrote music, but she also studied science and mathematics. Her works were full of details about the deeds of her family and the exchanges between the Byzantines and western crusaders during the first crusades. Anna lived in an era in which woman were solely to family matters. Her nationality is English Born in 1083 and died in 1153

AMALIE EMMY NOETHER ( ) Birth: March 23, 1882 in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany Death: April 14, 1935 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, United States Nationality: German-born American Occupation: Algebraist and educator “(Emmy Noether) had a great stimulating power and many of her suggestions took shape only in the works of her pupils and co-workers.”(Gale 2009) LIFE Oldest of four children of Max Noether and Ida Amalia Kaufmann Noether Max Noether was an eminent mathematics professor at University of Erlangen in Germany. Worked on the theory of algebraic functions Noether’s brother Flitz was a mathematician and Alfred earned a doctorate in chemistry EDUCATION Received traditional education given to German girls Studied languages and was certified to teach French and English at a girl’s school Loved mathematics

Attended mathematical classes at University of Erlangen for two year Admitted to Gottingen University in 1900 as an auditor ( she would attend classes with no official credit for it) Enrolled at Erlangen in 1904 after women were allowed to become regular students One of only two women among nearly 1000 students Ph.D. in mathematics in 1907 with the highest honors OCCUPATION Formulates the Mathematics of Relativity Invited by Klein and Hilbert to join in the research of general theory of relativity 1918, Noether proved two theorems that formed cornerstone for general relativity – Noether’s theorem: Established equivalence between invariance property and conservation law – Relationship between invariance and existence of certain integrals of the equation of motion Lays the Foundations of Abstract Algebra 40 years old – 1920 paper—Non cumulative fields ( System where an operation like multiplication yields a different answer for a*b than for b*a) – 1921 paper—Theory of ideals in rings (Extended solutions of polynomials and laid foundation for modern abstract algebra) 1915 invited to give lectures at Gottingen university by David Hilbert ( ) a great German number theorist and one of best known mathematicians in the world 1919 Emmy obtained a job. Paid directly by students but not paid by the university 1922 started to receive a low regular pay as an instructor of algebra

EXILE 1930s internationally recognized mathematician of the first rank April 7, 1933 suddenly separated from the mathematical institute of Gottingen when the National Socialist Party of Adolf Hitler ( ) (Nazi rule) came to power Considered potential enemy because she was Jewish, intellectual woman, and known liberal and pacifist NEW CAREER 1933 moved to Philadelphia and took a teaching position at Bryn Mawr, a women’s college near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania For the first time she was paid for her teaching Lectured and discussed mathematics at Princeton University in New Jersey with some of America’s great mathematicians DEATH Died April 14, 1935 Underwent surgery to remove a uterine tumor Died four days later from an apparent postoperative infection Buried near the library on Bryn Mawr campus CONCLUSION Today, Noether’s pioneering work is recognized as a cornerstone of the modern algebra studied by every graduate student in mathematics.

Maria Sklodowska The Nobel Foundation Nobel Lectures, Physics , Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, ?. Naomi Pasachoff. Spencer R. Weart. Tom Connell. Linda Wooliever. Jack Scott. American Institute of Physics and Naomi Pasachoff. American Institute of Physics Florence Nightingale Bloy, Marjie Phd. "Florence Nightingale." The Victorian Web The Victorian Web. 12 Feb Simkin, John. "Florence Nightingale." Spartacus Educational Spartacus Educational. 15 Feb "Florence Nightingale." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 11 Feb Feb 2009 Anna Comnena Amalie Emmy Noether GILLISPIE, CHARLES C. DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC BIOGRAPHY. VOLUME X. NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS. PUBLISHERS, OSEN, LYNN M. "WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS."3RD “EMMY AMALIE NOETHER.” SCIENCE AND ITS TIMES, VOL 6: GALE GROUP,2000 REPRODUCED IN BIOGRAPHY RESOURCE CENTER. FARMINGTON HILL, MICH.: GALE, DOCUMENT NUMBER: K ‘EMMY NOETHER.” NOTABLE MATHEMATICS. ONLINE EDITION. GALE, 2008 REPRODUCED IN BIOGRAPHY REOURCE CENTER. FARMINGTON HILLS, MICH.: GALE, DOCUMENT NUMBER: K “EMMY NOETHER.” MATH & MATHEMATICS: THE HISTORY OF MATH DISCOVERIES AROUND THE WORLD. ONLINE EDITION. U*X*L, REPRODUCED IN BIOGRAPHT REOURCE CENTER. FARMINGTON HILLS, MICH.: GALE, DOCUMENT NUMBER: K