The Impact of Imperialism 帝国主义

Chinese Dynasties Xia Dynasty About 1994 BCE BCE Shang Dynasty 1766 BCE BCE Zhou Dynasty 1122 BCE -256 BCE plus suppliment Qin Dynasty 221 BCE BCE Early Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 AD Later Han Dynasty 25 AD AD Three Kingdoms - Period of Disunion 220 AD AD Sui Dynasty 589 AD AD Tang Dynasty 618 AD AD Song Dynasty 969 AD AD Yuan Dyansty 1279 AD AD Ming Dynasty 1368 AD AD Qing Dynasty (Ch’ing) 1644 AD AD

Qing World View China at the centre of its formulation of the world. Centuries of contacts with neighbouring states, most of which recognized the pre- eminence of the Qing emperor A complex, pre-existing system of foreign affairs: tribute states This is the lens through which the Qing view Western nations/empires

“Botanical Imperialism”: Opium and Tea TEA= What the British Want The tea trade grew exponentially—from 1719 to 1833—tonnage of foreign ships trading with China increased 13 times. By the 1820s enough tea was imported into England to give every person 2 pounds a year. Paying for it with Silver=trade imbalance

Macartney Mission Lord George Macartney Send as British envoy to the Qing from Sought to gain more “favorable” conditions of trade for British interests Fails to do so— famously refuses to bow to Qing emperor

Opium Trade It is ILLEGAL Under Qing Law Foreign traders mount a massive smuggling operation to trade this illicit substance for tea ,000 chests (665,000 pounds) ,000 chests (2,000,000 pounds) ,000 chests (9,000,000 pounds)

The effects of the Opium War: Part (I)—The Unequal Treaties The Treaty of Nanjing (1842): “Free Trade” –Opens a total of 5 “treaty ports”—coastal cities where foreigners could freely trade and reside –Grants “concession areas” within treaty ports to foreign powers—essentially micro-colonies –Gives Britain Hong Kong –Most Favored Nation clause for Britain –Forces Qing to pay 21 million ounces of silver The Treaty of Tianjin (1858): –Opens 10 more ports –Allows Christian missionaries to move inland –Extraterritoriality for foreign subjects

Imperialism in China “Spheres of Influence” –Germany in Shandong—Qingdao –Russia in Manchuria –France in Yunnan –British in HK-New Territories